Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the impairment of the cognitive function of a child. Studies suggested that the intestinal microbiota has a critical role in the function and regulation of the central nervous system, neuroimmune system and neuroendocrine system. Any adverse changes in the gut–brain axis may cause serious disease. Food preferences and dietary patterns are considered as key in influencing the factors of ASD development. Several recent reviews narrated the importance of dietary composition on controlling or reducing the ASD symptoms. It has been known that the consumption of probiotics confers several health benefits by positive amendment of gut microbiota. The influence of probiotic intervention in children with ASD has also been reported and it has been considered as an alternative and complementary therapeutic supplement for ASD. The present manuscript discusses the role of microbiota and diet in the development of ASD. It also summarizes the recent updates on the influence of dietary supplements and the beneficial effect of probiotics on ASD symptoms. An in-depth literature survey suggested that the maternal diet and lifestyle are greatly associated with the development of ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Mounting evidences have confirmed the alteration in the gut microbial composition in children suffering from ASD. However, the unique profile of microbiome has not yet been fully characterized due to the heterogeneity of patients. The supplementation of probiotics amended the symptoms associated with ASD but the results are inconclusive. The current study recommends further detailed research considering the role of microbiome, diet and probiotics in the development and control of ASD.
Highlights
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the serious neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by the impairment of the interactive and social communication ability of a child and the repetitive specific patterns of activities, behaviors, abnormal sensitivity and gastrointestinal (GI)difficulties [1,2]
A study by Adams et al [11] revealed that the severity of ASD has a strong direct correlation with the GI symptoms, which was assessed by the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), and that the probiotic supplementation influences the level of short chain fatty acids in ASD children
This study suggested that the proper use of probiotics may improve the ASD symptoms, but more research is necessary [115]
Summary
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the serious neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by the impairment of the interactive and social communication ability of a child and the repetitive specific patterns of activities, behaviors (self-injuring activities), abnormal sensitivity and gastrointestinal (GI). Several recent reviews narrated the importance of dietary composition on controlling or reducing the ASD symptoms [7,12,13]. The current manuscript narrates the updated information about the role of microbiome and diet in the development of ASD. This manuscript explains the beneficial effect of dietary supplements and probiotics in the improvement of ASD symptoms. This review highlights that probiotics can be used as an adjuvant therapeutic agent and with added nutritious support (dietary supplements) but suggests that still more detailed studies are required to develop more efficient therapeutic methods to improve the quality of life of the ASD children
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