Abstract
Macrophage is one of the important players in immune response which perform many different functions during tissue injury, repair, and regeneration. Studies using animal models of cardiovascular diseases have provided a clear picture describing the effect of macrophages and their phenotype during injury and regeneration of various vascular beds. Many data have been generated to demonstrate that macrophages secrete many important factors including cytokines and growth factors to regulate angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, acting directly or indirectly on the vascular cells. Different subsets of macrophages may participate at different stages of vascular repair. Recent findings also suggest a direct interaction between macrophages and other cell types during the generation and repair of vasculature. In this short review, we focused our discussion on how macrophages adapt to the surrounding microenvironment and their potential interaction with other cells, in the context of vascular repair supported by evidences mostly from studies using hindlimb ischemia as a model for studying post-ischemic vascular repair.
Highlights
Tissue repair and regeneration are the evolutionarily conserved protective processes against injury in living organisms [1]
Damage to blood vessels is commonly associated with diverse types of tissue injury, in this short review, we focus our discussion on how macrophages adapt to the surrounding microenvironment and their potential interaction with other cells, in the context of vascular repair supported by evidence from both mouse and human studies
One study using human placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivery in vivo to induce angiogenesis in mice after hindlimb ischemia (HLI) found that these MSCs can induce an Arginase-1 producing M2-like macrophage subset, enhancing vascular repair [39]
Summary
Tissue repair and regeneration are the evolutionarily conserved protective processes against injury in living organisms [1]. In response to various types of injuries, whether it is toxic or mechanical, three well-recognized overlapping stages take place including the inflammatory responses, the proliferative phase, and tissue remodeling [2]. Immune cells macrophages continue to respond to the microenvironment and as a result, they release factors timely to facilitate remodeling and regeneration. Damage to blood vessels is commonly associated with diverse types of tissue injury, in this short review, we focus our discussion on how macrophages adapt to the surrounding microenvironment and their potential interaction with other cells, in the context of vascular repair supported by evidence from both mouse and human studies
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