Abstract
One hundred and thirty years after lymphoid and myeloid cells were discovered, in 2008, the researchers presented to the scientific community the population of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) identified in humans and mice. Human ILC subsets were first identified in secondary lymphoid tissues and subsequently reported in the intestine, lung, liver, skin, and meninges. ILCs (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and ILCreg) subgroups present plastic properties concerning cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators present in the microenvironment. ILC1s were characterized by their ability to produce interferon (IFN)-γ. ILC2s have a function in innate and adaptive type 2 inflammation by producing effector cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13. Meningeal ILC2s were activated in an IL-33-dependent mechanism releasing type-2 cytokines and demonstrating that ILC2s proliferate in reaction to IL-33 activation. ILC3s have been discovered as a significant contribution to the homeostasis of the gut barrier and as a source of IL-22. IL-22 presents a pleiotropic activity reinforcing the gut barrier immunity by stimulating anti-microbial peptide synthesis and promoting microbial regulation. Additionally, ILCs can have a pathogenic or protective effect on many disorders, and further research is needed to determine what elements influence the nature of their actions in diverse situations. The narrative review summarizes the role of the ILCs in mental health.
Highlights
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently reported immune cells, identified as a novel type of non-T and non-B lymphocytes
ILCs play a vital role in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and barrier homeostasis by producing cytokines in response to tissue-derived signals, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or other environmental stimuli [2]
ILC1s are characterized by their capacity to produce interferon (IFN)-γ dependent on the transcription factor T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) that directly activates IFN-gene production
Summary
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently reported immune cells, identified as a novel type of non-T and non-B lymphocytes. ILC1s are characterized by their capacity to produce interferon (IFN)-γ dependent on the transcription factor T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) that directly activates IFN-gene production. ILC210, an ILC-regulatory cell that expresses the inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding (ID)-3 transcription factor, has recently been discovered to have regulatory characteristics due to its IL-10 activation in response to IL-33 retinoic acid stimulation [4, 5]. ILCs can have a pathological or protective effect on different diseases, and there is still necessary to investigate and understand what factors influence the nature of their functions in different environments [8, 9]. This narrative review recapitulates the role of the ILCs in mental health
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