The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Managing Clinical Hypertension and Other Chronic Inflammatory Processes

Abstract

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a pivotal technique in the visualization of specific proteins within tissue samples, leveraging antigen-antibody interactions to elucidate protein presence, distribution, and abundance. In clinical hypertension, IHC is instrumental in unraveling disease mechanisms, identifying biomarkers, and fostering targeted therapies. This review delves into IHC’s contributions to managing hypertension by examining its role in understanding the pathophysiology and identifying key proteins like those in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Elevated angiotensin II type 1 receptors in vascular walls, detected via IHC, correlate with hypertension and vascular remodeling. Additionally, IHC identifies inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, linking chronic inflammation to hypertension. The technique is vital for discovering biomarkers like endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor, essential for assessing endothelial function. IHC also detects oxidative stress markers, aiding in understanding oxidative mechanisms in hypertension. Evaluating antihypertensive therapies at a molecular level, IHC shows how interventions affect protein expression and vascular health, guiding therapeutic strategies. By revealing proteins differentially expressed in hypertensive tissues, IHC identifies new therapeutic targets, enhancing treatment efficacy. Furthermore, this review explores the application of IHC in other chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting its broader relevance in disease management. Recent advancements include the development of new drugs targeting specific molecular pathways, such as endothelin 1 receptor antagonists like aprocitentan, approved by the FDA in March 2024 for the treatment of resistant arterial hypertension. Overall, IHC significantly advances both research and clinical practice, promising improved health outcomes through continued methodological advancements.