The role of immune cells in the development of adipose tissue dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Adipose tissue dysfunction characterized by a loss of homeostatic functions It is observed in patients with obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. In case of violation of the physiological properties in adipose tissue, an increased production of cytokines and chemokines occurs with the infiltration of tissue by immune cells. In turn, immune cells also produce cytokines, metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species and chemokines, which are involved in tissue remodeling, cellular signal transduction and immunity regulation. The presence of inflammatory cells in adipose tissue affects organs and tissues. So in the blood vessels, inflammation of perivascular adipose tissue leads to vascular remodeling, superoxide production, endothelial dysfunction with loss of the bioavailability of nitric oxide, contributing to the development of various vascular diseases. In adipose tissue dysfunction, adipokines are also produced, such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin. These substances contribute to metabolic dysfunction, alter systemic homeostasis, sympathetic outflow, glucose regulation, and insulin sensitivity. Thus, the study of the mechanisms of interaction between immune cells and adipose tissue is promising and may be an important therapeutic target.