Abstract
Historically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has contributed little to the study of Parkinson's disease (PD), but modern MRI approaches have unveiled several complementary markers that are useful for research and clinical applications. Iron- and neuromelanin-sensitive MRI detect qualitative changes in the substantia nigra. Quantitative MRI markers can be derived from diffusion weighted and iron-sensitive imaging or volumetry. Functional brain alterations at rest or during task performance have been captured with functional and arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI. These markers are useful for the diagnosis of PD and atypical parkinsonism, to track disease progression from the premotor stages of these diseases and to better understand the neurobiological basis of clinical deficits. A current research goal using MRI is to generate time-dependent models of the evolution of PD biomarkers that can help understand neurodegeneration and provide reliable markers for therapeutic trials. This article reviews recent advances in MRI biomarker research at high-field (3T) and ultra high field-imaging (7T) in PD and atypical parkinsonism. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Highlights
Hospitalier Pitie-Salpe^triere, Paris, France 2Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Department of Neurology and Centre for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 3Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria and Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 4Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada 5First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, St
The findings suggest that anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be helpful in distinguishing subtypes of MCI that are associated with cortical pathology and subsequent progression to dementia.[120]
An abnormal fMRI activation was found in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebrum as well as extensive and widespread volume loss throughout the brain in Multiple system atrophy (MSA) when compared with Parkinson’s disease (PD).[180]
Summary
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has contributed little to the study of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but modern MRI approaches have unveiled several complementary markers that are useful for research and clinical applications. These markers are useful for the diagnosis of PD and atypical parkinsonism, to track disease progression from the premotor stages of these diseases and to better understand the neurobiological basis of clinical deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain provides complementary techniques that can detect disease-related changes in many brain regions affected by parkinsonian disorders. The biomarkers of brain function have been used to study the neural correlates of motor and nonmotor symptoms in terms of neural circuits and neurochemistry These markers have been used to categorize PD patients from healthy controls (HCs) to follow disease progression and to differentiate parkinsonian disorders
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