Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection leads to a variety of benign lesions and malignant tumors such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Several HPV vaccines have been developed that can help to prevent cervical carcinoma, but these vaccines are only effective in individuals with no prior HPV infection. Thus, it is still important to understand the HPV life cycle and in particular the association of HPV with human pathogenesis. HPV production requires activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex signaling network composed of multiple sensors, mediators, transducers, and effectors that safeguard cellular DNAs to maintain the host genome integrity. In this review, we focus on the roles of the ataxia telangiectasia mutant and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage response in HPV DNA replication. HPV can induce ATR expression and activate the ATR pathway. Inhibition of the ATR pathway results in suppression of HPV genome maintenance and amplification. The mechanisms underlying this could be through various molecular pathways such as checkpoint signaling and transcriptional regulation. In light of these findings, other downstream mechanisms of the ATR pathway need to be further investigated for better understanding HPV pathogenesis and developing novel ATR DDR-related inhibitors against HPV infection.
Highlights
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus that is the etiological cause of many human cancers including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile, as well as oropharyngeal cancers [1]
Pathway and several HPV viral proteins can be responsible for this. Both E1 and E2 can bind to replication protein A (RPA), which facilitates the localization of the ATR–ATR interacting protein (ATRIP) complex to DNA damage sites [118]
HPV pathogenesis is tightly associated with its DNA replication
Summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus that is the etiological cause of many human cancers including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile, as well as oropharyngeal cancers [1]. HPV replication is dependent on host cellular mechanisms including cell cycle, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, DNA damage response (DDR), etc. DDR is a complex signaling network that occurs naturally in cells to prevent the replication mechanism from dysfunction in response to changes in the structure of genetic material [5]. In absence of external DNA damage signals, HPV induces activation of the ATR pathway. We will briefly review how HPV manipulates DDR in host cells for efficient viral DNA replication, and mainly discuss the essential role of the ATR pathway for the HPV life cycle. We will summarize the current findings of ATR-related small-molecule inhibitors [9,10] in HPV-related tumors
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