The Right to Be Forgotten in China——A Third Way to Construct Public Sphere

Scopes of the Private Life Concept According to Georgian Legislation and Judicial Practice

This article challenges the false opposition between public and private spheres that is often imposed upon our historical understanding of the Old Regime in France. An analysis of the work of Jurgen Habermas, Reinhart Koselleck, Philippe Aries, and Roger Chartier shows that the authentic public articulated by Habermas was constructed in the private realm, and the of private life identified by Aries was constitutive of Habermas's new public sphere. Institutions of sociability were the common ground upon which public and private met in the unstable world of eighteenthcentury France. Having superimposed the maps of public and private spheres drawn by Habermas and Aries upon one another, the article then goes on to examine recent studies by Joan Landes and Roger Chartier to show the implications of drawing or avoiding the false opposition between public and private spheres for our understanding of the political culture of the Old Regime and Revolution. Public sphere and private life these domains are now the focus of considerable interest among historians of the Old Regime on both sides of the Atlantic. 1989 saw the publication of English translations of the two works most closely associated with public sphere theory and the history of private life: Jurgen Habermas's The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, and volume three of A History of Private Life, edited by Roger Chartier.' Each domain, private and public, has its own historiographical tradition and, in a sense, its own partisans. This division of historical labor, however, has contributed to a misunderstanding of the relationship between these two spheres of activity in eighteenth-century France, a misunderstanding that has led to the creation of a false opposition between public and private spheres. My aim here is to show that the two visions of the Old Regime represented by these two historiographical schools are fundamentally complementary. By focusing on the simple real1. Jfrgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, transl. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass., 1989); and A History of Private Life: Passions of the Renaissance, ed. Roger Chartier, transl. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., 1989). Habermas's work was originally published in German in 1962, and then translated into French in 1978. Chartier's De la Renaissance aux Lumieres, volume 3 of Histoire de la vie privie, edited by Philippe Aries and Georges Duby, was published in France in 1986. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:06:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Susan Dalton. Engendering the Republic of Letters: Reconnecting Public and Private Spheres in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003). Pp. 206 + ix. $70.00 cloth. Alessa Johns. Women's Utopias of the Eighteenth Century (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003). Pp. 212 + xi. $34.95 cloth. Patricia Meyer Spacks. Privacy: Concealing the Eighteenth-Century Self (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003). Pp. 242 + vii. $36.00 cloth. A critical rethinking of the ubiquitous terms "public" and "private" in the eighteenth-century context informs the three books under review here. Susan Dalton, Alessa Johns, and Patricia Meyer Spacks explicitly address the influence of Habermas' 1962 Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit (translated, in 1989, as The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society) on the entire field of eighteenth-century studies. In their nuanced readings of eighteenth-century literary and cultural production, Dalton, Johns, and Spacks question the prevalent interpretation of Habermas as establishing a strict binary opposition between the public and the private and, perhaps even more importantly, an equation of the private with the domestic and the public with the political. While Habermas has coined these terms and injected them into the critical discourse about the eighteenth century, the strict demarcation of supposedly separate spheres is more a product of Strukturwandel's subsequent reception than of Habermas' theory itself, prompted by critics' desire to establish some kind of coherent categorization for the complex nature of eighteenth-century life and letters. Habermas himself discusses the intersections of the public and private spheres and explores the arising ambivalences. He argues that the opposition between the "intimate sphere of the conjugal family" (51) and the "public sphere" was, above all, a discursive construct because the intimate/domestic sphere formed part of the private sphere of the gradually developing market economy. Even though the domestic was imagined as unaffected by the workings of the private realm of the market economy due to the accelerating division of labor and family life in the eighteenth century, both were connected not only to each other, but also to what Habermas calls the "public sphere in the world of letters" and "the public sphere in the political realm" (51). While the ideological construction of these separate spheres affected reality to some extent and women became increasingly equated with the domestic in the discourse of the time, an analysis of this reality also shows how porous and connected these areas were. Habermas' discussion of these intersections serves as the starting point for the studies of eighteenth-century literature and culture by Dalton, Johns, and Spacks. They explore the space which Habermas himself highlights but which has often been overlooked: the third space where public and private aspects meet in complex and ambivalent ways. The authors' well-reasoned and compelling analyses of these intersections [End Page 394] in British, French, German, and Italian writings underline the complexity of eighteenth-century textual production by men and women. In Engendering the Republic of Letters: Reconnecting Public and Private Spheres in Eighteenth-Century Europe, Susan Dalton looks with a historian's eye at the correspondence of four French and Italian salon women, Julie de Lespinasse, Marie-Jeanne Roland, Giustina Renier Michiel, and Elisabetta Mosconi Contarini. Dalton explores the communities formed by social networking and polite sociability in the eighteenth-century republic of letters and investigates salon women's engagement with the political and philosophical debates of their time. Her argument perceptively unravels the ambivalence that characterizes these elite women's theoretical writings and their practical applications. Yet, rather than classifying these ambivalent moments as contradictions, Dalton disentangles these women's strategic negotiation of gender discourses. This mediation allowed them to express their political views at the same time that it enabled them to echo discourses of propriety and...

We develop a model of how a start-up firm's networking for innovation is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor including 11,792 start-ups from 38 countries surveyed in 2012--13, we examine how entrepreneurs' networking in private and public spheres is impacting (1) innovation (2) firms' collaborative networking, and (3) the effectiveness of firms' collaborative networking for innovation. The analyses show that entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere has a direct positive impact on start-ups' innovation, while networking in the private sphere reduces innovation. Firms' networking for innovation intensifies with larger public sphere networks around the entrepreneurs but decreases with larger private sphere networking. Also, large private sphere networks around the entrepreneurs decrease effectiveness of networking for innovation. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of start-up firms' networking for innovation, especially the positive and negative imprints of the entrepreneurs' networking in the public and private spheres.

We develop a model of how a start-up firm's networking for innovation is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor including 11,792 start-ups from 38 countries surveyed in 2012-13, we examine how entrepreneurs' networking in private and public spheres is impacting (1) innovation (2) firms' collaborative networking, and (3) the effectiveness of firms' collaborative networking for innovation. The analyses show that entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere has a direct positive impact on start-ups' innovation, while networking in the private sphere reduces innovation. Firms' networking for innovation intensifies with larger public sphere networks around the entrepreneurs but decreases with larger private sphere networking. Also, large private sphere networks around the entrepreneurs decrease effectiveness of networking for innovation. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of start-up firms' networking for innovation, especially the positive and negative imprints of the entrepreneurs' networking in the public and private spheres.

Purpose – This paper aims to develop a comprehensive concept map to guide adequate protection and effective management of personal information in the provision of networked services in China through comprehensively considering the multi-disciplinary perspective of personal information protection and management with respect to their multi-dimensional applications, multi-directional controls and multi-contextual analysis in today’s networked environments. There are different perspectives on what personal information protection and management is about, why and how personal information should be protected and managed in the literature. Little, however, is known about the relationships between these multiple perspectives and their implications to personal information protection and management in the real-world practice. Design/methodology/approach – A multi-methods approach is adopted in the study, including a comprehensive review of the related literature, a content analysis of the relevant laws, polices, standards, a multi-cases study of the relevant network services providers and an online survey of the Chinese citizens who are the end-users of the networked services to adequately achieve the objective of this study. The concept map building technique is used as a tool for conducting the meta-synthesis of the findings from multiple data resources in the development of a comprehensive concept map for personal information protection and management. Findings – This study rationalizes the importance of the identification of personal information for adequate protection and effective management. It identifies five perspectives on personal information protection and management, namely, law, economics, sociology, information technology and information resources management for their applications at the organizational level. Five types of personal information are identified in the study for protection and management, namely, identifiable personal information, personal identity information, personal moral right information, personal civil right and interest information and personal business and transaction information. An integrated approach consisting of risk control, security control and users control is proposed for personal information protection and management in the provision of networked services in China. The study shows that not enough attention has been paid to the personal information protection and management from multi-disciplinary perspectives with respect to their multi-dimensional applications, multi-directional controls and multi-contextual analysis in the literature. There is a lack of understanding of what, why and how personal information is protected and managed in real-world practices in China. Practical implications – The investigation of the issues of personal information protection and management with respect to the relevant laws, polices, standards, networked services and organizations can lead to a better understanding of what, why and how personal information is protected and managed in real-world practices in China. The development of a comprehensive concept map for personal information protection and management can be used as an effective guideline for the formulation and implementation of appropriate strategies and policies in individual organizations for providing their stakeholders with quality-networked services in today’s highly connected network environment in China. Originality/value – The paper is the first step of a comprehensive study on the protection and management of personal information for the provision of networked services in China. It provides a solid foundation for further research with respect to the personal information protection and management. It is the first of this kind of studies to answer the questions of what types of personal information needed to be protected, why and how they should be protected in conformity with laws, regulations, polices, standards and the needs of networked services and business activities of organizations.

Authorship and individualization in the digital public sphere

The public sphere in India has undergone significant changes during colonial rule and the national movement, leading to its susceptibility to the recent rise of Hindutva. The current state of the public sphere in India is shaped by the ambiguities of the national movement, which were influenced by nationalist responses to colonial rule. To fully understand the public sphere, its relationship with the private sphere must be considered, as the public sphere’s definition and shape are derived from this relationship. To institutionalize multiculturalism in the public sphere, it is necessary to renegotiate the relationship between the public and private spheres. Therefore, it is imperative to explore ways to recreate the public sphere in a manner that reflects the country’s diversity effectively.

A distinction has been introduced into the state of coexistence in the society we live in, public and private. The public sphere, where the culture of pluralism is defined politically, is the space where individuals meet on an equal basis with others, express their ideas and act freely. The private sphere, on the other hand, is a narrower framework that is more non-political, unselected, and in which given identities persist (such as family). In Turkey, in line with different political actors and decisions, the issue of what belongs to the private and public sphere is highly controversial. Westernization, which started especially in the Ottoman Empire and became a policy of existence in the Republic, affected the visibility and non-existence of many actors in the public and private spheres. One of the actors mentioned here is the identity of women and Muslim women. Women and Muslims Women are a type of identity that demands visibility in the public sphere, but continues to be built with changing political actors. Gerçek Hayat magazine is one of the Islamist-conservative and critical publications that describes how this fiction reflects on Muslim women identity. It presented ideas on how to make a Muslim woman visible or invisible through issues such as the place of a Muslim woman wearing a hijab in public, the importance of a mother woman in raising children, and the obedience of a wife woman to her husband. Key Words: public sphere, Gerçek Hayat, identity of Muslim women, visibility.

Value polarization is one of the key factors in societal development. This research focuses on whether opinions concerning gender roles in the domestic and public spheres are polarized in European societies, a topic still under-investigated. Based on the fifth wave of European Values Study data (2017–2020), the study shows that gender role attitudes in the domestic sphere are more polarized than those in the public sphere. Polarization by education, level of income, migration background, and degree of religiosity is stronger for gender role attitudes in the domestic sphere, whereas polarization by gender is stronger for gender role attitudes in the public sphere. Both gender role attitudes in the public and domestic spheres are most strongly polarized by education. At the same time, belonging to a social group with higher education, higher income, and lower religiosity can promote more progressive views towards gender roles. Opinions in Eastern European countries tend to seem more polarized than in Western European countries, even if with some exceptions. In countries with a higher level of gender equality, the level of polarization is a bit lower, while in countries where there is a remarkable rise of anti-gender narratives, opponent and conflictual views are higher.

Research on how start-up firms utilize networks has focused on direct effects of either the personal network around the entrepreneur or the formal collaboration network around the firm. Combining those approaches, we model how a firm’s collaboration network is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. With data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on 8918 start-up firms in 40 countries surveyed during 2012–2013, we examine (1) how entrepreneurs’ networking in private and public spheres is impacting firms’ collaborative networking, (2) how both the personal network and the firm network are impacting performance in forms of innovation and exporting, and (3) how embeddedness of the firm network in the private and public sphere networks around the entrepreneur is affecting innovation and export. The analyses show that the firm network as well as innovation and export are enhanced by the networking in the public sphere, but reduced by networking in the private sphere. Moreover, the benefits of firm network for innovation and export are strengthened by networking in the public sphere but weakened by networking in the private sphere. Finally, we find that innovation is a driver for export, and that this benefit is enhanced by networking in the public sphere, but decreases with networking in the private sphere. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of firms’ networking for innovation, especially the positive effects of networking in the public sphere and negative effects of networking in the private sphere.

This study investigates the perception of femininity shaped by gender norms at the intersection of public and private spheres, and to which of these spheres women feel they belong more. This examination examines not only the ties or new forms of relations that women establish towards the private sphere, but also the alternatives available for the continuity of the private sphere and the meanings they carry in social relations. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 female workers in factories in Istanbul, and the data were interpreted through critical discourse analysis. According to the results of the research, women become strangers to the private sphere, which is characterized as their “place,” and cannot fully find a place in the public sphere. While women are not enough for the private sphere to which they feel they belong and cannot fully find a place for themselves in the male-dominated public sphere, they also become strangers to the gender norms they have internalized and their assumptions about being a woman. Women are squeezed between the private and public spheres and become alienated by losing their belonging, identity, and beliefs about their gender.

China released Consumer Protection Law in 1993 and firstly included provisions about protection of personal information in Consumer Protection Law in 2013. However, the punishment provisions since enterprises abuse consumer personal information are not incorporated. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development passed Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, and then 34 countries released regulations about protection of consumer personal information except China. As the results of a lack of laws to protect consumer personal information, the cases concerned abuse and leakage of consumer personal information happen frequently. In addition, illegal trade of consumer personal information emerged in China. A survey about awareness of consumer rights shows that 53.2% of respondents regarded abuse and leakage of personal information as the most common torts in their daily life, conducted in Weihai, China, 2015. Another survey concerned safety of consumer personal information conducted in Shanghai, indicates that 99% of respondents have received anonymous phone calls or messages about goods promotions, and 65% of respondents get disturbed in their work or life by these messages. The Protection of Consumer Law in China incorporates drawbacks: vague definite of personal information, indefinite consumer right and responsibility of enterprise, incomplete punishment due to tort of abuse of personal information. Corresponding advice is proposed in this paper.

Lacey, Kate. Frequencies: Gender, Radio, and the Public Sphere, 1923-1945. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P 1996. 299 pp. $24.95. Kate Lacey' s recent book, adds to the growing list of important studies examining the historic development of the public and private spheres. Her study also offers a substantial contribution to the history of and cultural studies. Frequencies is an interdisciplinary history of women in broadcast in Weimar and Nazi Germany, drawing on historiography, but also media and cultural studies, feminist theory, and political philosophy Lacey's aims are twofold: she is interested in the history of women in radio, both as broadcasters and prospective listeners, and in the function of in contemporary discourses about radio. In conjunction with these concerns, Lacey examines the real and discursive redefinition of the private and public spheres that helped bring about. As she argues, there exists a dialectical relationship between politics and the development of radio, in which gender ideology informs the definition and practice of broadcasting and [...] broadcasting becomes one of the cultural modes in which is produced, reproduced, and transformed (11). Frequencies is divided into three major sections. In part one, German Radio and Gendered Discourses, Lacey outlines the development of policy, from the early commitment to non-political to the explicitly political of Nazi Germany. Lacey frames the contemporary social and political debates about as a response to the of crisis that marked the Weimar period. In the second section of the book, Feminine Frequencies, Lacey looks more closely at the history of women' s in Weimar and Nazi Germany and the many continuities that existed between the two periods. In her chapter on the Weimar years, Lacey traces the beginnings of regional and national broadcast, and concludes that, with some regional differences, all programs addressed women as housewives and mothers, and only occasionally as citizens, and in either case from a middle-class standpoint. Lacey makes apparent that this earlier model of the female listener as housewife and mother carried over easily into the National Socialist period, although the philosophical underpinnings of their policy differed. Under the National Socialists, policy no longer included the early pedagogical ideals found in Weimar. Instead, as Lacey argues, had a structural function [...]. The space that women had carved out within the broadcast public sphere became exclusively devoted to reinforcing women's exclusion from the public sphere in a broader sense (125). As Lacey points out, this model of the female listener was maintained in through the war, despite the often blurred boundaries between the home front and front line. In the last section of the book, Experts on the Air, Lacey looks at the development of the radio and the role of consumerism in broadcasting. During the Weimar era Lacey sees the expert as masking the status quo of women's domestic work by recasting it as new and modern. …

COVID-19 has been recognized globally as a public health crisis, which has directly led to the deaths of more than 40,000 people in the UK (World Health Organization, 2020). The lockdown measures in the public sphere have created a window into the existing violence in the domestic sphere, as increasing incidents and reports have propelled what is more often thought of as private violence into the public gaze. The COVID-19 lockdown in the UK has made visible a collapse of the public and private sphere, blurring the boundaries between the two. As work and childcare have moved within the home, the structural inequalities of austerity have been exposed and the widening gender, class and racial cracks of society are illuminated in lockdown. Our paper draws upon an intersectional cultural and materialist analysis to explore how the cultural and economic bricks of the public and private sphere have been layered through the tools of i) representation and marginalization in the public sphere; ii) the division of labor through the devaluing of care-giving and precarious work; and iii) the location of public and private legal issues. Through this critical intersectional analysis, we explore how the material construction of the public and private sphere is being dismantled in the long-term everyday crisis interventions of domestic violence support groups, Refuge, Women's Aid and Southall Black Sisters, and in relation to the authors' local interventions with CLOCK.