Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) occur widely in association with plants exposed to heavy metal stress. However, little is known about the response of DSE exposed to heavy metals. In this study, five DSE were isolated from the roots of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. seedlings growing on lead-zinc mine tailings in China. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses, the isolates were identified as Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, Phialophora mustea, Exophiala salmonis, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. G. cylindrosporus was selected to explore responses to Pb stress. Scanning electron microscopic observations of G. cylindrosporus grown on solid medium revealed curling of hyphae and formation of hyphal coils in response to Pb. In contrast, in liquid medium, hyphae became thick and swollen with an increase in Pb (II) concentration. We interpret that these changes are related to the variation in cell wall components. We also demonstrated that fungal melanin content increased with the addition of Pb(II). Melanin, as an important component in the cell wall, is known to be an essential antioxidant responsible for decreasing heavy metal toxicity. We also measured the total soluble protein content and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in G. cylindrosporus and found that they initially increased and then decreased with the increase of Pb(II) concentrations. The antioxidant enzyme activities were also examined, and the results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly positively correlated with Pb(II) concentrations (r = 0.957, P<0.001). Collectively, our observations indicate that the intracellular antioxidant systems, especially fungal melanin, play an important role in abating the hazards of heavy metals.
Highlights
Soil pollution with heavy metals has become one of the most serious worldwide environmental problems [1]
The aims of this work were to (1) characterize Dark septate endophytes (DSE) fungi isolated from the roots of plants grown in heavy metal contaminated soil, (2) measure the changes in hyphal morphology of DSE fungi under different Pb(II) concentrations stress, and (3) study the responses of antioxidant substances in DSE fungi, such as melanin, GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and CAT, to Pb(II) stress
B142 formed conidia under cultivation conditions, while the other four DSE fungi were absent of sporulation
Summary
Soil pollution with heavy metals has become one of the most serious worldwide environmental problems [1]. Dark septate endophytes (DSE), which are one of groups of endophytic fungi, are ubiquitous in various stressful environmental conditions [6]. They are conidial or sterile ascomycetous fungi that colonize living plant roots without causing any apparent negative effects [7]. Many dominant plant species in heavy metal contaminated land are widely associated with DSE fungi [8]. These fungi may play an important role in protecting plants from heavy metal stress [9]. Zhan et al [13] demonstrated that melanin content in Exophiala pisciphila increased with the addition Cd(II) to the medium over the range of 50 to 350 mg/L
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