The Relative Contributions of Climate and Grazing on the Dynamics of Grassland NPP and PUE on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Abstract

Net primary productivity (NPP) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) are crucial indicators in understanding the responses of vegetation to global change. However, the relative contributions of climate change and human interference to the dynamics of NPP and PUE remain unclear. During the past few decades, the impacts of climate change and human activities on alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) have been intensifying. The aims of the study were to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of grassland NPP and PUE on the QTP during 2000–2017 and quantify how much of the variance in NPP and PUE can be attributed to the climatic factors (precipitation and temperature) and grazing intensity. The results showed that: (1) grassland NPP significantly increased with a rate of 0.6 g C m−2 year−1 over the past 18 years, mainly induced by the increased temperature and the enhanced precipitation. The temperature was the dominant factor for NPP interannual variation in mid-eastern QTP, and precipitation restrained vegetation growth most in the southwest and northeast. (2) The PUE was higher on the eastern and western parts of the plateau, but lower at the center. Regarding grassland types, the PUE of alpine steppe (0.19 g C m−2 mm−1) was significantly lower than those of alpine meadow (0.31 g C m−2 mm−1) and desert steppe (0.32 g C m−2 mm−1). (3) Precipitation was significantly and negatively correlated with PUE and contributed the most to the temporal variation of grassland PUE on the QTP (52.7%). (4) Furthermore, we found that the grazing activities had the lowest contributions to both NPP and PUE interannual variation, compared to temperature and precipitation. Thus, it is suggested that climate variability rather than grazing activities dominated vegetation changes on the QTP.