Abstract

Background/Purpose:Accumulating evidence indicates a relationship between Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and osteoporosis. Hypertension, a known risk factor for CVD is also associated with low Bone Mineral Density (BMD). We hypothesize that Pulse Pressure (PP); a CVD risk factor is associated with BMD.Methods:Data from two consecutive cycles of National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. Point estimates of demographic variables were calculated using descriptive methods. Study participants were divided into 4 groups based on quartile distribution of PP. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between BMD and PP.Results:A total of 8,179 NHANES participants were included in the study (Tables 1–3). The cohort’s mean age (± SE) was 53.3 years 0.19, mean BMI (± SE) 29.6 kg/m2 ± 0.07. PP was significantly higher with increased age, among Blacks (57.4 ± 0.52) and Hispanics (57.5 ± 0.19) compared to whites (53.9 ± 0.29), and for men (57.2 ± 0.16) when compared to women (54.1 ± 0.17), p<0.05. After adjusting for age, sex, race, menopause, body mass index, family history of osteoporosis, PP was associated with femoral neck BMD, β=−0.0005, p<0.05 but was not significantly associated with lumbar spine BMD, β=−0.0002, p=0.07.Conclusion:Our results support the hypothesis that wide PP is associated with low BMD. This negative association was demonstrated at the femoral neck where bone loss and osteoporotic fractures occur at a more advanced stage, further supporting the relationship between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis risk. These findings have the potential for identifying high osteoporotic risk patients among those with wide pulse pressure, providing further indications for bone mineral density testing among these elderly frail patients. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms behind the relationship between PP and BMD.

Highlights

  • Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) are major public health problems, which are rapidly increasing as the population’s ages

  • Men had higher Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and higher Pulse Pressure (PP) compared to women

  • After adjusting for age, sex, race, menopause, body mass index, family history of osteoporosis, PP was associated with femoral neck BMD, β=−0.0005, p

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Summary

Introduction

Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) are major public health problems, which are rapidly increasing as the population’s ages. Low bone mineral density is associated with increased CVD morbidity and mortality [5] These two conditions are seemingly unrelated and perhaps associations can be due to confounding factors, investigators have shown a number of interesting anatomical and pathophysiological features shared by both vascular system such as calcification and bone mineralization or remodelling [6]. Decreased risk of fracture was associated with several antihypertensive drugs used to treat elderly hypertensive patients [11]. These reports suggest a complex and possibly interconnected pathophysiological pathways that form a common soil for two seemingly separate diseases

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