Abstract
BackgroundUpper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common, mostly self-limiting, but result in inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions. Poor sleep is cited as a factor predisposing to URTIs, but the evidence is unclear.ObjectiveTo systematically review whether sleep duration and quality influence the frequency and duration of URTIs.MethodsThree databases and bibliographies of included papers were searched for studies assessing associations between sleep duration or quality and URTIs. We performed dual title and abstract selection, discussed full-text exclusion decisions and completed 50% of data extraction in duplicate. The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale assessed study quality and we estimated odds ratios (ORs) using random effects meta-analysis.ResultsSearches identified 5146 papers. Eleven met inclusion criteria, with nine included in meta-analyses: four good, two fair and five poor for risk of bias. Compared to study defined ‘normal’ sleep duration, shorter sleep was associated with increased URTIs (OR: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.42, I2: 11%, P < 0.001) and longer sleep was not significantly associated (OR: 1.11 95% CI: 0.99–1.23, I2: 0%, P = 0.070). Sensitivity analyses using a 7- to 9-hour baseline found that sleeping shorter than 7–9 hours was associated with increased URTIs (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.22–1.41, I2: 0%, P < 0.001). Sleeping longer than 7–9 hours was non-significantly associated with increased URTIs (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.00–1.33, I2: 0%, P = 0.050, respectively). We were unable to pool sleep quality studies. No studies reported on sleep duration and URTI severity or duration.ConclusionsReduced sleep, particularly shorter than 7–9 hours, is associated with increased URTIs. Strategies improving sleep should be explored to prevent URTIs.
Highlights
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are typically viral infections [1] of the URT, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx
We found that shorter sleep than normal resulted in increased chances of having an upper airway infection, whereas longer sleep did not
It was found that of the 69% of antibiotic prescriptions linked to a clinical condition or body system, 10.4% were for cough symptoms, 7.68% for a sore throat and 6.67% for URTIs [5]
Summary
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are typically viral infections [1] of the URT, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common, mostly self-limiting, but result in inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions. Compared to study defined ‘normal’ sleep duration, shorter sleep was associated with increased URTIs (OR: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.42, I2: 11%, P < 0.001) and longer sleep was not significantly associated (OR: 1.11 95% CI: 0.99–1.23, I2: 0%, P = 0.070). Sensitivity analyses using a 7- to 9-hour baseline found that sleeping shorter than 7–9 hours was associated with increased URTIs (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.22–1.41, I2: 0%, P < 0.001). Sleeping longer than 7–9 hours was non-significantly associated with increased URTIs (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.00–1.33, I 2: 0%, P = 0.050, respectively). Conclusions: Reduced sleep, shorter than 7–9 hours, is associated with increased URTIs. Strategies improving sleep should be explored to prevent URTIs
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