Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections caused mainly by enteric bacteria. Numerous virulence factors assist bacteria in the colonization of the bladder. Bacterial efflux pumps also contribute to bacterial communication and to biofilm formation. In this study, the phenotypic and genetic antibiotic resistance of clinical UTI pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis were determined by disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Following this, different classes of antibiotics were evaluated for their antibacterial activity at pH 5, 6, 7 and 8 by a microdilution method. Gentamicin (GEN) was the most potent antibacterial agent against E. coli strains. The effect of GEN on the relative expression of marR and sdiA genes was evaluated by quantitative PCR. The slightly acidic pH (pH 6) and GEN treatment induced the upregulation of marR antibiotic resistance and sdiA QS activator genes in both E. coli strains. Consequently, bacteria had become more susceptible to GEN. It can be concluded that antibiotic activity is pH dependent and so the artificial manipulation of urinary pH can contribute to a more effective therapy of multidrug resistant bacterial infections.
Highlights
In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted on six Urinary tract infections (UTIs) bacterial isolates and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) breakpoints were determined according to EUCAST guidelines [16]
Fifteen antibacterial agents were used for the susceptibility testing
K. pneumoniae 33163 was susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam and intermediate for tobramycin and amikacin but was resistant to the other antibiotics
Summary
The diagnosis depends on the urinary symptoms and on the urine culture positive for an uropathogen exceeding a given threshold (which varies according to gender and the presence of a urinary catheter). Both patient and bacterial factors contribute to the development of UTIs. Anatomical or functional abnormalities, genetic predisposition, and certain behaviors (e.g., sexual intercourse) can increase susceptibility to uropathogens [1]. Several virulence factors aid the bacteria in the colonization of the bladder and the evasion of the immune system These include the urease enzyme, adhesins, biofilm formation, toxins, and iron acquisition systems [2]
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