Abstract
Recent several studies indicated that a more restrictive dietary intake guideline for cadmium should be made for sufficient health protection. In the present study, we showed the references level of food cadmium intake (FCd) and total cadmium intake (TCd) for renal dysfunction by using benchmark dose (BMD) approach. 342 subjects living in a control and a cadmium polluted area were included in this study. The FCd, TCd and cadmium in urine (UCd) and blood (BCd) were calculated or determined. Urinary β2Microglobulin (UBMG) was determined as indicator of renal function. The median FCd, TCd, UCd and BCd were 1.4 g, 1.4 g, 3.1 μg/g creatinine(cr) and 1.3 μg/L in control and 3.3 g, 3.6 g, 13.5 μg/g cr and 12.1 μg/L in polluted area. The 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of FCd for renal dysfunction were 1.36–1.55 g (BMR = 10%) and 0.88–1.11 g (BMR = 5%). The BMDLs of TCd were 1.29–1.46 g (BMR = 10%) and 0.73–0.95 g (BMR = 5%). FCd and TCd are valuable markers for the predication of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium. The BMDLs of FCd were close to previous report in Japan and the BMDLs of TCd were lower than the critical standard previously reported, in particular at BMR of 5% which can be interpreted as representing the influence of smoking.
Highlights
Cadmium (Cd) that widely distributed in the environment is one of toxic heavy metals
The reference levels of food Cd intake (FCd) and total Cd intake (TCd) for renal dysfunction were calculated by using benchmark dose (BMD) approach in Chinese population
The reference levels of FCd or TCd were calculated by using BMD approach
Summary
Cadmium (Cd) that widely distributed in the environment is one of toxic heavy metals. It can enter the human bodies through the food chain. The references level of UCd and BCd for renal dysfunction have been reported by using benchmark dose (BMD) approach[5,6,7]. Few studies have investigated the references level of Cd intake for renal dysfunction in China. BMD method has been used for estimation of reference levels of UCd, BCd and dietary Cd intake[7,9,19,20]. The reference levels of food Cd intake (FCd) and total Cd intake (TCd) for renal dysfunction were calculated by using BMD approach in Chinese population. We investigated the effect of smoking on the estimated reference level
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