Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used for cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic drawbacks of RT, such as radiotoxicity in normal tissues and tumor radioresistance, promoted the development of radiosensitizers. To date, various kinds of nanoparticles have been found to act as radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy. This review focuses on the current state of nanoradiosensitizers, especially the related biological mechanisms, and the key design strategies for generating nanoradiosensitizers. The regulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, the cell cycle, autophagy and apoptosis by nanoradiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo is highlighted, which may guide the rational design of therapeutics for tumor radiosensitization.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the leading threats to human health [1]
This review focuses on the current state of nanoradiosensitizers, especially the related biological mechanisms, and the key design strategies for generating nanoradiosensitizers
The regulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, the cell cycle, autophagy and apoptosis by nanoradiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo is highlighted, which may guide the rational design of therapeutics for tumor radiosensitization
Summary
Cancer is one of the leading threats to human health [1]. Despite the great advances in cancer biology and clinical treatment in recent years, the survival rate of cancer patients has only slightly improved in recent decades [2]. The intrinsic drawbacks of radiotherapy, such as toxic side effects to the human body and radiation resistance in cancer cells [7,8,9], promote the investigation of radiosensitizers, which can significantly enhance the treatment effect of radiotherapy. Due to their outstanding physicochemical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in various fields, including the consumer product, energy, and biomedical fields [10,11,12,13]. The regulation of crucial cellular processes by the physicochemical properties of NPs in cancer cells is reviewed, which may guide the design of nanoradiosensitizers in the future
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