The Public, the Private, and the In-Between: Revisiting the Debate on Eighteenth-Century Literature

Author's Introduction The articles in this cluster deal with aspects of an enormously rich and complex historical problem: the role of print and other media in political communication in Britain, from the Tudor period through the nineteenth century. They might be employed together in a course covering this large subject; but equally they lend themselves to separate use in other kinds of courses, dealing with problems ranging from conventional political history to the role of literacy in early modern society, the nature of early modern public culture or the rise of more open and ‘democratic’ forms of politics. Rather than trying to tailor this guide to a single course design I have tried to suggest a range of possibilities. The full cluster is made up of the following articles: 1. Mark Knights , ‘History and Literature in the Age of Defoe and Swift’, History Compass , 3/1 (2005), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00131.x . URL http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bsl131 . 2. Joad Raymond , ‘Seventeenth‐Century Print Culture’, History Compass , 2/1 (2004), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00131.x . URL http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bsl123 . 3. Mark Hampton , ‘Newspapers in Victorian Britain’, History Compass , 2/1 (2004), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00101.x . URL http://www.blackwellcompass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bsl101 . 4. Jason Peacey , ‘Print and Public Politics in Seventeenth‐Century England’, History Compass , 5/1 (2007), 85–111, DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00369.x . URL http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bpl369 . 5. Alastair Bellany , ‘Railing Rhymes Revisited: Libels, Scandals, and Early Stuart Politics’, History Compass , 5/4 (2007), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00439.x . URL http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bpl439 . 6. Brian Cowan , ‘Publicity and Privacy in the History of the British Coffeehouse’, History Compass , 5/4 (2007), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00440.x . URL http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bpl440 . 7. Andrew Walkling , ‘Politics and Theatrical Culture in Restoration England’, History Compass , DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00453.x . URL http://www.blackwell‐compass.com/subject/history/article_view?article_id=hico_articles_bpl453 . 8. Joseph Black , ‘The Marprelate Tracts (1588–89) and the Public Sphere’, History Compass , (forthcoming). Author Recommends The relevant secondary literature is enormous but the following are suggested as surveys or preliminary guides to particular topics. 1. Jurgen Habermas , The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society , trans. Lawrence Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989). A translation of Habermas's deeply controversial but highly influential theoretical study, first published in German in 1965. An extensive literature exists debating Habermas's theories and their usefulness to historical investigations. 2. Alastair Bellany , The Politics of Court Scandal in Early Modern England: News, Culture and the Overbury Affair, 1603–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). A study of how the involvement of high‐ranking courtiers in a murder became the subject of a famous scandal, through the ways in which it was reported and discussed in print and especially manuscript sources. 3. Brian Cowan , The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005). A wide ranging survey of the development of coffeehouses and their role as centres of social interaction and political discussion. 4. Adam Fox , Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000). A ma

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. The excerpt is a description of the tour of the Grand Vista Garden. Cao Xueqin, The Story of the Stone, translated by David Hawkes (London: Penguin Books, 1973), p. 327. 2. Tim Brook, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (Berkley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 173–179. 3. Susan Bush, Early Chinese Texts on Painting (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 151–152. 4. Victor H. Mair, ‘Wandering in and through the Chuang-tzu’, Journal of Chinese Religions (Boulder, CO) no. 11 (Fall 1983), p. 109. 5. Zhuangzi 莊子(369–286 bc), Zhuangzi jin zhu jin shi 莊子今注今譯 (annotated and translated by Chen Guying 陳鼓應) (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 2001), pp. 1–31. 6. See, for example, Zhao Xigu's 趙希鵠 (fl. 1180–1240) account of viewing a landscape painting by Li Cheng 李成 (919–967 ad); Bush (see note 3), p. 211. 7. Ji Cheng 計成 (1582–c. 1642), Yuan ye zhu shi 園冶注釋 (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1988), p. 38. 8. Zheng Yuanxun's 鄭元勳 (1603–1644 ad) preface to the Yuan ye; Ji Cheng (Alison Hardie, trans.), The Craft of Gardens (Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 29. 9. Ji (see note 7), p. 51. 10. Confucius, Lun yu (The Analects), 7.6. 11. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (New York: Crossroad, 1986), p. 105. 12. Ibid., p. 106. 13. Craig Clunas, Fruitful Sites: Garden Culture in Ming Dynasty China (London: Reaktion Books, 1996), p. 142. 14. Nelson Wu describes the Chinese garden as a negative space between architecture and landscape painting. I would like to add that the garden also is a negative space between nature and architecture. Nelson Ikon Wu, Chinese and Indian Architecture: The City of Man, the Mountain of God, and the Realm of the Immortals (New York: G. Braziller, 1963), pp. 45–46. 15. Geng Liutong 耿刘同. Zhongguo gu dai yuan lin 中国古代园林 (Beijing: Zhongguo guo ji guang bo chubanshe, 2009), p. 109. 16. The interrelation between personal and public spheres in art has also been explored by contemporary Western thinkers. Acconci describes it as ‘private space containing the seed of public space’, and Habermas, ‘the tendency toward a mutual infiltration of public and private spheres’. While both Acconci and Habermas focus on the body politics — both spheres intruding on each other — you tries to mediate the two spheres and in so doing creates a new aesthetic sphere. Vito Acconci, ‘Public sphere in a private time’, in W. J. T. Mitchell, ed., Art and the Public Sphere (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 162; Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), p. 141. 17. The zigzagging nine-bend bridge symbolizes the Nine Bends Stream on Mount Wuyi that is associated with Neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200 ad). 18. Clunas (see note 13), p. 111. 19. Toshirō Inaji, The Garden as Architecture (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1990), p. 132.

This article challenges the false opposition between public and private spheres that is often imposed upon our historical understanding of the Old Regime in France. An analysis of the work of Jurgen Habermas, Reinhart Koselleck, Philippe Aries, and Roger Chartier shows that the authentic public articulated by Habermas was constructed in the private realm, and the of private life identified by Aries was constitutive of Habermas's new public sphere. Institutions of sociability were the common ground upon which public and private met in the unstable world of eighteenthcentury France. Having superimposed the maps of public and private spheres drawn by Habermas and Aries upon one another, the article then goes on to examine recent studies by Joan Landes and Roger Chartier to show the implications of drawing or avoiding the false opposition between public and private spheres for our understanding of the political culture of the Old Regime and Revolution. Public sphere and private life these domains are now the focus of considerable interest among historians of the Old Regime on both sides of the Atlantic. 1989 saw the publication of English translations of the two works most closely associated with public sphere theory and the history of private life: Jurgen Habermas's The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, and volume three of A History of Private Life, edited by Roger Chartier.' Each domain, private and public, has its own historiographical tradition and, in a sense, its own partisans. This division of historical labor, however, has contributed to a misunderstanding of the relationship between these two spheres of activity in eighteenth-century France, a misunderstanding that has led to the creation of a false opposition between public and private spheres. My aim here is to show that the two visions of the Old Regime represented by these two historiographical schools are fundamentally complementary. By focusing on the simple real1. Jfrgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, transl. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass., 1989); and A History of Private Life: Passions of the Renaissance, ed. Roger Chartier, transl. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., 1989). Habermas's work was originally published in German in 1962, and then translated into French in 1978. Chartier's De la Renaissance aux Lumieres, volume 3 of Histoire de la vie privie, edited by Philippe Aries and Georges Duby, was published in France in 1986. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:06:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Love and Marriage in the Public Sphere Rochona Majumdar (bio) Shannon McSheffrey . Marriage, Sex, and Civic Culture in Late Medieval London. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. 304 p.; ISBN 978-0-8122-3938-6. Christina Simmons . Making Marriage Modern: Women's Sexuality from the Progressive Era to World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. xii + 306 p.; ISBN 978-0-19-506411-7. Ginger S. Frost . Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008. 272 p.; ISBN 978-0-7190-7736-4. Maria Raquel Casas . Married to a Daughter of the Land: Spanish-Mexican Women and Interethnic Marriage in California, 1820-1880. Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2007. xiv + 261 p.; ISBN 978-0-87417-697-1. Jennifer Cole and Lynn Thomas, eds. Love in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. 280 p.; ISBN 978-0-226-11352-4. Kristin Celello . Making Marriage Work: A History of Marriage and Divorce in the Twentieth-Century United States. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. 248 p.; ill.; ISBN 978-0-8078-3252-3. The association of the modern "West" with ideas of romantic love, companionate marriage, and the nuclear family has a long and varied genealogy. Whether we look at the radically different philosophical expositions of John Locke, G.W.F. Hegel, or Friedrich Engels, or to twentieth-century historians like Philippe Ariès, George Duby, and Lawrence Stone, there remains little doubt that the emergence of the modern West has been seen as coterminous with consensual marriage and conjugal equality. In historian Luisa Passerini's eloquent formulation, the "myth" of Europe was associated with the idea of romantic love.1 The books under consideration in this review are all engaged in revealing the gaps between ideals of romance and conjugal equality and the actual lived experiences of men and women. They interrogate received ideas about love and marriage, primarily in the Anglophone west, from the late medieval period to the present. Of [End Page 182] course, romantic love was never the only reason people married. Love and money, familial security, and citizenship concerns were inextricably linked in making western marriages. Taken together, these books remind us of the labors involved in making a marriage work. While the labor of the couple is unquantifiable, the institution of modern marriage has boosted new professions and economic activity that constitute key features of contemporary Anglo-American capitalism. The majority of these works are engaged in the critical labor of historicizing the particular forms of romantic love, conjugal equality, and companionate marriage in England and America, demonstrating that love, marriage, divorce, and romantic partnerships were highly contested phenomena. The books collectively make it clear that any attempt to think of love, marriage, divorce, or companionship as homogenous or uniform is fundamentally flawed. Each study helps the reader navigate a particular archive and its vivid portrayal of how intimacy was lived by men and women, and how intimate practices shaped the public sphere in England and the United States. Love in Africa, the only book that focuses on the "non-West," offers a foil for comparison, giving insight into how these purportedly western ideas of romance and marriage get differently inflected in non-western settings. Since the publication of Georges Duby and Philippe Ariès's multivolume A History of Private Life, the ideology of separate spheres has persistently influenced historical imagination.2 Feminist scholarship has issued numerous challenges to these ideas by showing the porous nature of the public and private spheres, which in turn has bearing on our understanding of marriage. If marriage is not a singularly "private" practice, then under what rubric can we productively think about the place of marriage and sexual relations? Shannon McSheffrey's book, Marriage, Sex, and Civic Culture in Late Medieval London, marks an important addition to these debates. By demonstrating how marriage and sexual practices were formative of medieval English civic culture, McSheffrey shows how anachronistic it is to use categories such as private and public, personal and political for the medieval period. As she argues, ". . . some of those arenas of life that seem obviously 'private' to us were not so...

We develop a model of how a start-up firm's networking for innovation is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor including 11,792 start-ups from 38 countries surveyed in 2012--13, we examine how entrepreneurs' networking in private and public spheres is impacting (1) innovation (2) firms' collaborative networking, and (3) the effectiveness of firms' collaborative networking for innovation. The analyses show that entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere has a direct positive impact on start-ups' innovation, while networking in the private sphere reduces innovation. Firms' networking for innovation intensifies with larger public sphere networks around the entrepreneurs but decreases with larger private sphere networking. Also, large private sphere networks around the entrepreneurs decrease effectiveness of networking for innovation. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of start-up firms' networking for innovation, especially the positive and negative imprints of the entrepreneurs' networking in the public and private spheres.

We develop a model of how a start-up firm's networking for innovation is embedded in the personal network around the entrepreneur. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor including 11,792 start-ups from 38 countries surveyed in 2012-13, we examine how entrepreneurs' networking in private and public spheres is impacting (1) innovation (2) firms' collaborative networking, and (3) the effectiveness of firms' collaborative networking for innovation. The analyses show that entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere has a direct positive impact on start-ups' innovation, while networking in the private sphere reduces innovation. Firms' networking for innovation intensifies with larger public sphere networks around the entrepreneurs but decreases with larger private sphere networking. Also, large private sphere networks around the entrepreneurs decrease effectiveness of networking for innovation. These findings refine our knowledge of the functioning of start-up firms' networking for innovation, especially the positive and negative imprints of the entrepreneurs' networking in the public and private spheres.

The public sphere in India has undergone significant changes during colonial rule and the national movement, leading to its susceptibility to the recent rise of Hindutva. The current state of the public sphere in India is shaped by the ambiguities of the national movement, which were influenced by nationalist responses to colonial rule. To fully understand the public sphere, its relationship with the private sphere must be considered, as the public sphere’s definition and shape are derived from this relationship. To institutionalize multiculturalism in the public sphere, it is necessary to renegotiate the relationship between the public and private spheres. Therefore, it is imperative to explore ways to recreate the public sphere in a manner that reflects the country’s diversity effectively.

In this provocative interdisciplinary essay, Joan B. Landes examines impact on women of emergence of a new, bourgeois organization of public life in eighteenth century. She focuses on France, contrasting role and representation of women under Old Regime with their status during and after Revolution. Basing her work on a wide reading of current historical scholarship, Landes draws on work of Habermas and his followers, as well as on recent theories of representation, to re-create public-sphere theory from a feminist point of view. Within extremely personal and patriarchal political culture of Old Regime France, elite women wielded surprising influence and power, both in court and in salons. Urban women of artisanal class often worked side by side with men and participated in many public functions. But Revolution, Landes asserts, relegated women to home, and created a rigidly gendered, essentially male, bourgeois public sphere. The formal adoption of rights actually silenced public women by emphasizing bourgeois conceptions of domestic virtue. In first part of this book, Landes links change in women's roles to a shift in systems of cultural representation. Under absolute monarchy of Old Regime, political culture was represented by personalized iconic imagery of father/king. This imagery gave way in bourgeois thought to a more symbolic system of representation based on speech, writing, and law. Landes traces this change through art and writing of period. Using works of Rousseau and Montesquieu as examples of passage to bourgeois theory of public sphere, she shows how such concepts as universal reason, law, and nature were rooted in an ideologically sanctioned order of gender difference and separate public and private spheres. In second part of book, Landes discusses discourses on women's rights and on women in society authored by Condorcet, Wollstonecraft, Gouges, Tristan, and Comte within context of these new definitions of public sphere. Focusing on period after execution of king, she asks who got to be included as the People when men and women demanded that liberal and republican principles be carried to their logical conclusion. She examines women's roles in revolutionary process and relates birth of modern feminism to silencing of politically influential women of Old Regime court and salon and to women's expulsion from public participation during and after Revolution.

Neither Public nor Private: The Domestic Sphere in French Enlightenment ThoughtFor the last twenty years or so there has been a burgeoning interest in the contribution of women to the cultural life of the ancien regime. Much of the groundbreaking research has been done by scholars who have argued for the importance of gender as both a historical as well as analytical category.1 In addition to reshaping the boundaries separating historical and theoretical research, scholarship has also underscored the attendant methodological difficulties in combining the two. At the risk of simplification, one can say that historians have tended to privilege empirical evidence of women's activity while literary and cultural critics have focused on the cultural value of key women writers and artists.2Lesley H. Walker's A Mother's Love: Crafting Feminine Virtue in Enlightenment France (Bucknell, 2008) intervenes on both sides of the issue. Tracing the emergence of a discourse centered on an idealized mother figure, Walker aims to historicize our current notions of feminine virtue which she views as bound up in a modernist narrative of emarrcipation. By arguing for the importance of the domestic sphere in the development of an enlightened society based on greater justice and equality, Walker's goal is to recuperate an alternative picture of female virtue. This is one in which maternal solicitude, and rejection of the public sphere in favor of private virtue, are key factors to overall social reform. Walker convincingly shows that the domestic sphere cannot be reduced to the distinctions between public and private spheres, since domestic reform was considered an essential component in the creation of an enlightened community. In so doing she argues against the traditional narrative, which has typically cast the domestic sphere as the place where women have been 'repressed,' 'silenced,' 'marginalized/ and 'domesticated' (18). In this sense, her book rejoins Carla Hesse's recent claim that radical scholarship, by focusing on the exclusion of women from the public sphere, has underestimated the cultural contributions of women who saw themselves as working within the liberal enlightenment tradition.3Walker's evaluation of the domestic sphere is motivated by two observations. First, that scholarship, while opening up new areas of research, has tended to privilege visionary personalities such as Olympe de Gouges or public figures such as Germaine de Stael to the detriment of those female writers and artists who cleaved more closely to the century's own understanding of feminine virtue. Second, that the contemporary theoretical interest in the psychodynamics of the bourgeois nuclear family, especially as developed by Sigmund Freud and the psychoanalytic tradition, has its roots in an eighteenthcentury valorization of domestic life whose historical specificity has been subsequently forgotten. Unlike Freud's narrative that is predicated on an absent mother, Walker shows how eighteenth-century idealizations of the loving family stressed the presence pf an (often) all-seeing, self-sacrificing mother and the virtual absence of the as a viable love object (35). Although not all readers will accept her characterization of affectionate mother-daughter relations as homo-erotic, Walker's suggestion that the eighteenth century viewed heterosexual love between husband and wife as an unsustainable norm even as it privileged an idealized domestic life is an interesting one. For it suggests that the domestic sphere functioned as a space of freedom for women even as it constrained them in other ways.Subsumed under these general goals is a further concern: to introduce the reader to key women writers and artists in order to expand our understanding of what constitutes a feminist canon. In addition to analyzing the works of such well-known figures as Marie-Jeanne Roland, de Stael, Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun, and Stephanie-Felicite de Genlis, Walker also treats lesser-known figures such as the prolific writer and journalist Jeanne-Marie Ie Prince de Beaumont and the painter and engraver Marguerite Gerard, sister-in-law of Jean-Honore Fragonard. …

Reviewed by: And on that farm he had a wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900-1970 E.A. (Nora) Cebotarev And on that farm he had a wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900-1970. Monda Halpern. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001. Pp. viii, 240. $70.00 This book is a welcome addition to the rather scarce literature on Ontario farm women. It makes a double contribution to our understanding of Ontario farm women's lives during almost an entire century. It shows the crucial roles farm women and their organizations have played in this period and it elucidates the ideology of social feminism ( SF) that informed women's lives in the home and on the farm, and their political activism in rural communities and beyond. This is a rich and solidly researched book and is a pleasure to read. In her main argument Halpern juxtaposes social feminism to Equity Feminism ( EF), to show farm women's progressiveness and agency and to dispel accusations of conservatism. She does this with rich documentation and numerous quotes that testify to farm women's incisive perceptiveness of their essential but subordinate position in the farm family and about their social reformist missions in the rural community. Halpern also shows the misgivings farm women had about the androcentricism [End Page 608] of rural culture. The study is set in the evolving socio-political and economic environment of Ontario and reflects the changes in farm, home, and women's ideology for the past century. The book is composed of seven chapters. In the first chapter Halpern explains her reasons for undertaking this research and presents an excellent theoretical discussion of her framework. The bases of SF, the notions of 'separate spheres' and 'women's specificity' emerge clearly in her discussion. The origins, history, and essence of SF are traced, and voices of critics and detractors are also included. The second chapter provides and excellent description of farm women's everyday life in patriarchal farm families. The mental health consequences of drudgery and large workloads in home and farm are brought to light. Chapter three documents farm women's awareness of the essential nature of their work, the unfairness of its undervaluation and invisibility, and the resentment they felt because priority was given to modernize the barn before the home. In the fourth chapter Halpern presents the history and evolution of home economics, as an example of SF thinking and practice. The pioneering work of Adelaide Hoodless is also described, with her organization of the Women's Institutes ( WI), culminating with the founding of the Macdonald Institute at the University of Guelph in 1903, offering farm daughters college degrees in practical household skills, lending a sense of professionalism to homemaking. Here Halpern also points out the rich contributions they made to the improvement of family life and farm women's status and self-esteem. Chapter five examines the WI as a successful social movement and farm women's organization, which indeed it was, considering the international influence of the WI in promoting farm women's organizations throughout the world. Farm women's weak support for women's suffrage and WI's longevity are seen as proof of farm women's aversion to EF. The longevity of Women's Institutesis compared with the rapid and successful emergence and equally fast demise of the United Farm Women of Ontario ( UFWO) in the interwar years. Here, I think, Halpern underestimates the importance to WI's success of the government's financial and legitimizing support, and WI's less adversarial and demanding political stance than that of the UFWOs. Further, Halpern describes the transformation of the WI's goals, away from enhancing family life to support for broader causes, such as the war efforts, and branching out into issues of community and policy reform. Here, says Halpern, is the progressive and radical aspect of SF and of farm women's political activism. It aimed to change the 'public sphere' by infusing it with superior feminine values and morals, thereby transforming society for the better. [End Page 609] Chapter six focuses on the drastic socio-economic and technological changes affecting farming in the years after...

A distinction has been introduced into the state of coexistence in the society we live in, public and private. The public sphere, where the culture of pluralism is defined politically, is the space where individuals meet on an equal basis with others, express their ideas and act freely. The private sphere, on the other hand, is a narrower framework that is more non-political, unselected, and in which given identities persist (such as family). In Turkey, in line with different political actors and decisions, the issue of what belongs to the private and public sphere is highly controversial. Westernization, which started especially in the Ottoman Empire and became a policy of existence in the Republic, affected the visibility and non-existence of many actors in the public and private spheres. One of the actors mentioned here is the identity of women and Muslim women. Women and Muslims Women are a type of identity that demands visibility in the public sphere, but continues to be built with changing political actors. Gerçek Hayat magazine is one of the Islamist-conservative and critical publications that describes how this fiction reflects on Muslim women identity. It presented ideas on how to make a Muslim woman visible or invisible through issues such as the place of a Muslim woman wearing a hijab in public, the importance of a mother woman in raising children, and the obedience of a wife woman to her husband. Key Words: public sphere, Gerçek Hayat, identity of Muslim women, visibility.

Part 1 Introduction - preliminary demarcation of a type of Bourgeois Public Sphere: the initial question remarks on the type representative publicness on the genesis of the Bourgois Public Sphere. Part 2 Social structures of the Public Sphere: the basic blueprint institutions of the public sphere the Bourgois family and the institutionalization of a privateness oriented to an audience the public sphere in the world of letters in relation to the public sphere in the political realm. Part 3 Political functions of the public sphere: the model case of British development the continental variants civil society as the sphere of private autonomy: private law and a liberalized market the contradictory institutionalization of the public sphere in the Bourgeois constitutional state. Part 4 The bourgeois public sphere - idea and ideology: publicity as the bridging principle between politics and morality, Kant on the dialectic of the public sphere, Hegel and Marx the ambivalent view of the public sphere in the theory of liberalism, John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville. Part 5 The social-structural transformation of the public sphere: the tendency toward a mutual infiltration of public and private spheres the polarization of the social sphere and the intimate sphere from a culture-debating (kulturrasonierend) public to a culture-consuming public the blurred blueprint - developmental pathways in the disintegration of the bourgeois public sphere. Part 6 the transformation of the public sphere's political function: from the journalism of private men of letters to the public consumer services of the mass media - the public sphere as a platform for advertising the transmitted function of the principle of publicity manufactured publicity and nonpublic opinions - the voting behaviour of the population the political public sphere and the transformation of the liberal constitutional state into a social-welfare state. Part 7 On the concept of public opinion: public opinion as a fiction of constitutional law-and the social-psychological liquidation of the concept a sociological attempt at clarification.

Value polarization is one of the key factors in societal development. This research focuses on whether opinions concerning gender roles in the domestic and public spheres are polarized in European societies, a topic still under-investigated. Based on the fifth wave of European Values Study data (2017–2020), the study shows that gender role attitudes in the domestic sphere are more polarized than those in the public sphere. Polarization by education, level of income, migration background, and degree of religiosity is stronger for gender role attitudes in the domestic sphere, whereas polarization by gender is stronger for gender role attitudes in the public sphere. Both gender role attitudes in the public and domestic spheres are most strongly polarized by education. At the same time, belonging to a social group with higher education, higher income, and lower religiosity can promote more progressive views towards gender roles. Opinions in Eastern European countries tend to seem more polarized than in Western European countries, even if with some exceptions. In countries with a higher level of gender equality, the level of polarization is a bit lower, while in countries where there is a remarkable rise of anti-gender narratives, opponent and conflictual views are higher.

This study investigates the perception of femininity shaped by gender norms at the intersection of public and private spheres, and to which of these spheres women feel they belong more. This examination examines not only the ties or new forms of relations that women establish towards the private sphere, but also the alternatives available for the continuity of the private sphere and the meanings they carry in social relations. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 female workers in factories in Istanbul, and the data were interpreted through critical discourse analysis. According to the results of the research, women become strangers to the private sphere, which is characterized as their “place,” and cannot fully find a place in the public sphere. While women are not enough for the private sphere to which they feel they belong and cannot fully find a place for themselves in the male-dominated public sphere, they also become strangers to the gender norms they have internalized and their assumptions about being a woman. Women are squeezed between the private and public spheres and become alienated by losing their belonging, identity, and beliefs about their gender.

The use of the concept “private sphere” to locate leisure carries with it many unstated assumptions about the nature and function of leisure in modern society. The distinction made today between private and public spheres is industrial capitalism. Our idea of the private sphere is shaped by cognate ideas about specialized roles, private property and rational administration. Liberal criticisms of the modern tendency to withdraw into the private sphere do not penetrate to the real nature of this process nor realise all its implications. This failure is reflected in a sociology of the work-leisure relationship which takes the existence of separate public and private spheres for granted rather than examining its foundations in the labour processes of modern capitalism. An improved sociology of leisure will have to examine the work-leisure relationship in the context of all capitalist social relations.