Abstract
Skeletal system and some organs development changes in rat fetuses with 30 and 60 mg/kg caffeine and melatonin's (10 mg/kg) protective role against rat fetuses were investigated. Groups (n = 4) were formed as Control, LDC, HDC, LDC+melatonin, HDC+melatonin and melatonin. Fetuses were taken by cesarean section and stained using dual skeletal staining method and FESEM. TRAP and AP immune-reactivity concentrations were calculated. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were also measured by liver, bone and placenta samples. TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, VEGF-A, SOST and Fetuin-A levels were measured in tissue by using ELISA. TBARS, SOD, GSH, GSSG, TOS, TAS, measured by spectrophotometric assay method. The mRNA levels of Agtr2 gene expressed in placental tissues of control rats and in placental tissues of rats exposed to HDC, LDC, MEL, HDC+MEL, LDC+MEL were analyzed by Real-time PCR. The gene expressions of Agtr2 were significantly upregulated in the placentas exposed to HDC, MEL, HDC+MEL and LDC+MEL (P<0,001). No significant difference in samples of the LDC group (P>0,05). According to these data, caffeine used during pregnancy delayed ossification; melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, was found to eliminate this effect. Besides, changes in angiotensin receptor expression observed in response to a caffeine and melatonin exposure result from high dose and join effect.
Highlights
Caffeine originates from coffee, cocoa beans, nuts, or tea leaves occurring alkaloid found plant parameters
With additional melatonin was given to caffeine, it was calculated that ossification increased and its results approached the control group (Figure 1, 2) (Table II, III)
When a living organism consumes caffeine, it increases the excretion of calcium in the urine, and has the effect of reducing total calcium, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels in plasma, inhibiting the apoptosis induction in osteoblasts
Summary
Caffeine originates from coffee, cocoa beans, nuts, or tea leaves occurring alkaloid found plant parameters. It is known that caffeine has high impact on the pregnancy and the development of the fetus due to the maternal intake and possibly on the metabolism rate of mother. Circulation of caffeine-half life is about 3-5 hours while it affects respiratory parameters or oral contraceptive usage during pregnancy [1,2,3]. It is said that different doses of caffeine applied to rats during pregnancy cause significant fetal and postnatal growth reterdation and smaller adults occur [3]. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that caffeine induced embryo toxicity and maternal caffeine intake causes intrauterine growth retardation. Placental metabolic functions are very important in first stages of pregnancy, feeding offsprings and placenta and meeting their energy needs
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