The prospective study of 54 children with ESES: how to simplify the EEG diagnosis and guide the treatment.

Abstract

To simplify the electroencephalogram (EEG) diagnosis and guide the treatment of electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). We recruited 54 children with ESES from December 2019 to December 2020 and compared various spike-wave index (SWI) calculation methods. Time-frequency analysis assessed the correlation between high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) energy and the SWI. We divided 42 children into responder and non-responder treatment groups based on the observations made during a 12-month follow-up period and evaluate different treatment and the independent risk factors of refractory ESES. The SWI of five minutes before the second sleep cycle of non-rapid eye movement (NREM; long method II) and that of all NREM sleep (total method) were not significantly different (P = 0.06). The average energy of γ (r = 0.288, P = 0.002) and ripple (r = 0.203, P = 0.04) oscillations were correlated with the SWI. Encephalomalacia was an independent risk factor for refractory ESES (OR: 10.48, 95% CI: 1.62-67.63). The clinical seizure improvement rates of ASMs, ASMs with benzodiazepines, and ASMs with benzodiazepines and steroids after 12 months were 9.3%, 42.8%, and 53.8%, EEG improvement rate were 5.5%, 30.9% and 37%, respectively. The intelligence of the children in the responder treatment group has improved during the 1-year follow-up. These findings demonstrate EEG and clinical features of ESES and may provide basis for simplifying diagnosis and guiding the treatment of children with ESES.