Abstract
Wireless stimulation (WS) technologies have been developed as powerful strategies to modulate cellular behaviour and biological activity remotely and noninvasively through wireless manipulation of electrical signal. These WS systems are constructed from the electrically stimulus-responsive materials (magnetoelectric, piezoelectric, optoelectronic, and bipolar electroactive materials) that are triggered by the primary driving force, general like magnetic field, ultrasound, light, and electric field. With a deeper understanding of the integral role of electrical stimulation played in biological cells, tissues, and organs, WS has become the promising technique to work on neural cell stimulation, for either functional or repair effects, and other biological activities including drug release, electroporation and cancer treatment. This paper summarises existing WS systems in accordance with the utilised stimulus-responsive materials. Also, future directions of WS in potential biomedical applications are discussed. Along with the development of emerging techniques such as bipolar electrochemistry and 3D printing, more effective WS systems will be allowed to apply in biosystems with a change of paradigm.
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