Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has developed rapidly and demonstrates great potential in biomedical applications. Although 3D printing techniques have good control over the macrostructure of metallic implants, the surface properties have superior control over the tissue response. By focusing on the types of surface treatments, the osseointegration activity of the bone–implant interface is enhanced. Therefore, this review paper aims to discuss the surface functionalities of metallic implants regarding their physical structure, chemical composition, and biological reaction through surface treatment and bioactive coating. The perspective on the current challenges and future directions for development of surface treatment on 3D-printed implants is also presented.
Highlights
In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing, known as additive manufacturing (AM), has become an apparent choice for manufacturing technology
The 3D printing technique has capability to design precise and controlled topologies while maintaining excellent physical, mechanical, and biological properties. These favorable properties can be enhanced by surface treatment and bioactive coating to enable osseointegration and minimize the risk of implantassociated infections
All authors contributed to the organization and content of the article
Summary
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, known as additive manufacturing (AM), has become an apparent choice for manufacturing technology. Porous metallic implants should rejuvenate the function of the bone and promote regeneration of the damaged tissues This is possible by establishing biocompatibility of materials with the living organism, adequate mechanical properties for load-bearing applications, and avoidance of stress shielding, since porosity influences compressive strength and elastic modulus which aid key cellular activities, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation (Hrabe et al, 2013). While 3D printing allows fabrication of porous architecture, a challenge is faced in tuning surface properties to attain osseointegration with the bone, especially in metallic implants where commonly used materials such as titanium alloy are bioinert (Hwang and Choe, 2018). The commonly used surface treatment techniques for bioimplants such as micro-arc oxidation (MAO), laser surface texturing (LST), chemical etching, and alkali–heat treatment
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