Abstract
The development of energy from renewable sources is one of the most important aspects of today’s energy industry. The level of this development (production of green energy) is determined by the use of a variety of methods, e.g., the methods of multicriteria and multivariate analysis. The effectiveness of these methods is affected by many factors, and one of them is the appearance of non-typical objects (outliers). This paper investigates the effectiveness of selected methods (TOPSIS, VIKOR, VMCM) in terms of computational robustness to outlier objects. The most effective method in this respect (VMCM) is then applied to study the level of development of renewable energy sources in European countries. The presented research provides the opportunity to carry out a dynamic analysis (for selected base years) of the level of energy generation from diverse renewable sources in reference to the adopted patterns and anti-patterns (European countries). The obtained results are discussed, thus confirming the effectiveness of the proposed methodological approach.
Highlights
Energy has been a key resource in human development
The purpose of this paper is to show the problem of non-typical objects in the selected methods of multicriteria/multidimensional analysis (TOPSIS, VIKOR) and to propose a methodical approach to solve this problem in the context of research into the level of renewable energy generation in European countries
At the stage of the diagnostic variables normalization, their values would have been artificially increased. This would have resulted in their impact on the measure being greater than desired. Due to their small values, they should be eliminated at the second stage of the research procedure performed with the Vector Measure Construction Method (VMCM)
Summary
Its sustainable development includes the use of available energy resources so that this development can be long-lasting and environmentally friendly. Energy development is intertwined with other dimensions of sustainable development, e.g., with social, economic and environmental dimensions. The goal of sustainable energy policies is to achieve a satisfactory level of energy availability while maintaining appropriate levels of economic, social and environmental systems. One of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) addresses the issue of energy. This goal (SDG 7) is aimed at ensuring that all people have access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy. In 2020, the leading countries in terms of renewable energy generated were China (895 GW), USA (292 GW) and Brazil (150 GW). The biggest consumers of renewable energy were, respectively, China, the USA and Germany [4]
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