Abstract
Objective Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a high risk of lifelong anal cancer caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anal canal HR HPV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) with and without HIV infection in Moscow (Russia). We evaluated associations of some HIV coinfections (HSV and CMV) and HPV distribution among MSM with and without HIV infection. Methods Two groups of HIV-positive (n = 60) and HIV-negative (n = 60) MSM were evaluated in the study. Fourteen high-risk (HR) HPV types, HSV1/2, and CMV were investigated in men anal swabs. Results HR HPVs were found with nearly the same frequency of 66.7% in both groups: HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM. HIV-positive status was statistically associated with the presence of several (more than two) HPV types (p=0.044). The most prevalent HR HPV genotypes were HPV18, HPV16, HPV56, and HPV33 for HIV-positive MSM and HPV56, HPV51, HPV66, and HPV16 for HIV-negatives. We found a statistically significant association of five HR HPV types with HIV status of MSM: HPV16 (p=0.028), HPV18 (p=0.00006), HPV58 (p=0.003), HPV33 (p=0.019), and HPV39 (p=0.026). The frequency of HSV1 (1.7%) and HSV2 (10%) infections and CMV (3.3%) infection was evaluated in the group of HIV-positive MSM. The frequency of HSV1 (5%) and HSV2 (6.7%) infections and CMV (0%) infection was evaluated, as well, in the group of HIV-negative MSM. Conclusion Multiple HPV genotypes were detected significantly more often than single HPV genotype in the group of HIV-positive MSM. According to our data, 25% of HIV-positive MSM have HPV39; this is the only one of the five types of HR HPV (16, 18, 58, 33, and 39) associated with this group of MSM that has not yet been included in the HPV vaccines available on the market.
Highlights
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide
We found that multiple HPV types were not significantly more frequent in the group of HIV-positive Men who have sex with men (MSM) (p 0.2)
We showed the prevalence of anal HPV infection, genotype distribution, and the risk factors associated with the infection among MSM with or without HIV from Moscow, Russia. e average age in the two groups of our study was nearly equal (29.8 vs. 28.7 years)
Summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. E HPV-attributable anogenital cancer includes 8500 vulva, 12000 vagina 35000 anus (half occurring in men), and 13000 penis. Almost all cervical cancer and more than 80% of anal cancer are attributable to high-risk HPV (HR HPV) infection including HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82 [4] and are mainly associated with HPV16 and HPV18 [5, 6]. Infection of HPV and HSV I/II was evaluated in people living with human immunodeficiency virus or having high-risk sexual behavior including MSM from Russia [12, 13]. Comparison of HPV genotype prevalence and association with HIV status of MSM was previously reported in several populations [8, 14, 15]. There are no estimates of the prevalence of anal HPV and the distribution of high-risk HPV genotypes among HIV-negative and HIVpositive MSM from Russia [10, 11]
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