The Prediction of Psychological Well-Being Based on Gratitude, Social Support and Self-Esteem

Abstract: International students are a significant resource for many host countries because they increase cultural diversity within the community, offer talent and innovation to universities, and make notable economic contributions. Many studies, however, have shown that international students have lower psychological well-being. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the associations between psychological well-being as a dependent variable and perceived social support as an independent variable, and test the mediating roles of resiliency and spirituality in the link between perceived social support and psychological well-being. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sampling method. A total of 300 Chinese international students in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) participated in this study and completed four questionnaires, namely the Perceived Social Support scale, Psychological Well-being scale, the Spiritual Values scale, and Connor-Davidson Resilience scale. The results from PLS-SEM showed that greater levels of social support are associated with greater levels of psychological well-being. Resiliency and spirituality partially mediated the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. The findings of this study not only revealed an association between perceived social support and psychological well-being among Chinese international students in Malaysia but also expanded our knowledge of the mediating roles of resilience and spirituality in the relationship.
 
 Keywords: International students, Perceived social support, Psychological well-being, Resiliency, Spirituality.

Every human being inherently has the hope of living a normal and prosperous life, both physically and psychologically. However, in reality, not all individuals are born with complete physical abilities. Some are born with physical disabilities that limit their ability to perform daily activities. This condition often gives rise to various challenges, especially in the social sphere, as faced by individuals with physical disabilities (tuna daksa). This study aims to examine the relationship between self-esteem and social support with the psychological well-being of persons with physical disabilities in West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The research method used is quantitative with a correlational approach. The population consisted of 37 individuals with physical disabilities, and the total sampling technique was employed. Data collection was conducted using three psychological scales: the psychological well-being scale, the self-esteem scale, and the social support scale. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that self-esteem and social support simultaneously had a significant relationship with psychological well-being. Partially, both self-esteem and social support were also found to have significant relationships with psychological well-being. This indicates that psychological well-being in individuals with physical disabilities is influenced by internal factors such as self-esteem, as well as external factors such as social support. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for the development of appropriate psychological and social interventions to improve the quality of life of persons with physical disabilities.

Indonesian parents believe that higher education in urban area or big city such as Surabaya have a good quality compared to the one in rural area. Therefore, they encourage their children to pursue higher education in Surabaya. However, it has been identified that rural to urban students has emotional disorder when trying to adapt to the urban life. This circumstances lead to a low level psychological well-being. One of the factors that could increase psychological wellbeing condition is social support. However, there is still little evident that shown the relationship between social support and psychological well-being among plural to urban students. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identified the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. This was quantitative research that used social support scale and psychological well-being scale. This research involved 226 students of Airlangga University, Surabaya. The value result of correlation coefficient is 0.018 which mean in this study there is a positive relationship between social support and psychological well-being of Airlangga University rural to urban students.

Psychological well-being discusses an individual's life journey that is going well. One of the factors that influences psychological well-being is social support. Social support is really needed by teenagers, therefore the focus of this research is on Muslim teenagers in Lembata Regency, where the majority of the population in Lembata Regency is Catholic. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. This type of research is quantitative research. Participants in this study were 96 teenagers who were taken using purposive sampling. Data collection techniques were carried out using a social support scale and a psychological well-being scale. Data analysis in this study used the SPSS for Windows version 23 program. The results showed that there was a relationship between social support and psychological well-being in Muslim adolescents in Lembata Regency, with a significant value of 0.000 (p<0.05) and a correlation coefficient of 0.589, which means there is positive and significant relationship between social support and psychological well-being in adolescents in Lembata Regency.

Many university students encounter academic challenges that may lead to elevated levels of stress and anxiety, potentially indicating low psychological well-being. This study aims to examine the relationship between gratitude and social support with psychological well-being among university students. A total of 120 participants were selected using a cluster random sampling technique. The study employed a correlational quantitative research design, utilizing three standardized instruments: the Gratitude Scale, the Social Support Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 27.0. The primary hypothesis testing revealed a significant correlation, with a coefficient of determination R = 0.795 and p = 0.000 (p < 0.01), indicating a strong and statistically significant relationship between gratitude, social support, and psychological well-being. For the first sub-hypothesis, the partial correlation coefficient was 0.327 with a significance level of p = 0.000 (p < 0.01) and a beta value of 0.380, suggesting a significant positive relationship between gratitude and psychological well-being. The second sub-hypothesis showed a partial correlation coefficient of 0.380, a significance level of p = 0.000 (p < 0.01), and a beta value of 0.451, indicating a significant positive relationship between social support and psychological well-being. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that gratitude and social support collectively contribute to 63.2% of the variance in psychological well-being. These results underscore the importance of fostering gratitude and enhancing social support among university students to promote greater psychological well-being.

This study aims to determine the relationship between peer social support and psychological well-being in the elderly at Griya Wredha Jambangan Surabaya. This research is a type of quantitative research, using a saturated sampling method on the existing population, namely 152 elderly subjects at Griya Wreda Jambangan Surabaya. Data were collected using a psychological scale on the variables of peer social support and psychological well-being. The items on the scale were then tested for validity and reliability with the results of item validity moving from 0.659 to 0.864 out of 20 item items on the peer social support scale and item validity scores moving from 0.466 to 0.758 out of 28 item items on the psychological well-being instrument, so that can be used as a valid second instrument to use. The results of the scale reliability test obtained a score of 0.964 and 0.913 on the scale of peer social support and psychological well-being which were greater than > 0.60, which means the research scale is reliable to use. The data obtained were then processed using normality test, linearity test, classical assumption test and hypothesis testing. Through the results of the product moment correlation test, the result is 0.931** or close to 1. It can be said that there is a positive relationship between a person's social support and their psychological well-being. Referring to the significance value where 0.000 <0.05, it means that Ha is accepted, that is, there is a relationship between peer social support and the psychological well-being of the elderly, where the higher the social support received by the elderly, the higher the perceived psychological well-being. Based on the Adjusted R Square value in the tests conducted by the researchers, the results were 56.6% where the social support of friends had an effect on a person's psychological well-being, interference by other variables being studied by the researcher.

This research is motivated by the importance of social support, problem-focused coping, and psychological well-being for learners. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between social support and problem-focused coping with psychological well-being in students of the State Vocational School of 1 Wadaslintang. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach to the type of correlation research. The population in this study were students of the State Vocational School of 1 Wadaslintang, totaling 1,148 students. The sample in this study was 300 students, the sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique. The data in this study were obtained using the social support scale, the problem-focused coping scale, and the psychological well-being scale. Test the validity of the instrument using expert judgment and test the reliability of the instrument is calculated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Data analysis in this study used regression analysis. The results of the research analysis showed an F value of 645.548 with a significance level of p = 0.000 (p 0.05). These results indicate that there is a positive relationship between social support and problem-focused coping with psychological well-being in students of the State Vocational School of 1 Wadaslintang. It means that if students have high social support and problem-focused coping, then students will also have high psychological well-being. The effective contribution of social support and problem-focused coping to psychological well-being is 81.30%, while 18.70% comes from other factors, meaning that those two factors contributed to more than half of students’ psychological well-being.

Social support enhances the development of adaptive strategies to cope with difficulties, which may affect psychological well-being. Sleep quality has been highlighted as having a relevant role in psychological well-being. The present study aimed to analyse the role of social support and sleep quality in the psychological well-being of health professionals (nurses and doctors) compared to the general population. The sample comprised 466 adults aged between 18 and 75 (M = 43.4; SD = 10.8), of which 272 were the general population and 194 nurses and doctors. Data were collected through a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Psychological Well-Being Manifestation Measure Scale. Nurses presented less balance (also doctors), sociability and happiness than other professionals. Less significant sociability was observed in nurses compared with doctors. The results also allowed us to observe the positive role of social support from significant others on social involvement and sociability and the positive role of the family in self-esteem. Social support from friends played a positive role in all dimensions of psychological well-being. Males had a higher prevalence of psychological well-being. Other professionals and sleep quality show high levels of psychological well-being in all dimensions. Data discussion highlights the role of social support, sleep, and sex and the implications of health professions (nurses and doctors) on psychological well-being.

<p>The study on the psychological well-being of students is becoming one of the key priorities in educational institutions, especially during changes in society. The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between personal and family resources and the psychological well-being and life satisfaction of student youth. The following methods were used in the study: Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being, Life Satisfaction Scale, Well-Being Index, Tolerance-intolerance of Ambiguity Questionnaire, Hardiness Survey, General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Self-Control Scale, Life Meaning Orientations Test, Author’s questionnaire with 15 questions and a closed list of possible answers. 41 students aged 18 to 21 years took part in measurements using these methods. The study was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, possible correlations between psychological well-being and indicators of personal and family resources were assessed for the entire group of respondents. At the second stage, in order to differentiate students by level of psychological well-being, two groups were identified: students with a high level of psychological well-being and students with a low level of psychological well-being. Mathematical and statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation analysis, ranking procedures, and the method of constructing regularized networks of partial correlations. The study found that students with high levels of life satisfaction and psychological well-being exhibited more pronounced personal resources, such as self-efficacy, vitality, control and a positive attitude towards others and themselves. They also have clear goals in life and are quite satisfied with their implementation. A connection has been established between students' well-being and tolerance for uncertainty. The higher the level of psychological well-being, the more students are inclined to accept uncertainty, change and strive to solve complex problems. The results of the study emphasize the importance of personal and family resources, as well as students' positive attitudes towards themselves and others in achieving a high level of psychological well-being. They also indicate the importance for psychological well-being of the factor of tolerance to uncertainty associated with good health and the desire to develop and solve difficult life problems. The preservation of the psychological well-being of young people in educational settings is facilitated not only by the increase in personal resources, but also by the functional role of the teacher, thoughtful, well-organized design of the educational environment.</p>

Higher education student often experienced financial problem during their study. This condition encourages them to seek financial support by working part-time. The challenge of being a part-time employee as well as being a student has influenced their psychological well-being condition. The problem will become more complicated when they received less than needed social support. Therefore, it is important to identify the relationship between social support and psychological wellbeing of part-time students. This study aimed to determine the relationship between social support and psychological well-being of students who work part-time. This research is a quantitative survey research. The scale used was social support and psychological well-being scale. The study shows that social support has a significant relationship with psychological well-being. Hypothesis test result show positive value that means if social support increase, psychological well-being will also increase. The correlation coefficient of 0.433 shows the relationship between variable classified as moderate.

Correctional inmates need a lot from various parties. Social support and regiusitas are also very important to be improved for inmates. This study aims to determine social and religious support with psychological well-being in inmates. The measuring instrument used in this research is the social support scale, religiosity scale, and psychological welfare scale. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique. The sample in this study were 130 correctional inmates at the Pekanbaru Women's Correctional Institution. The validity test in this study used the Pearson Product Moment technique and the reliability used the Cronbach Alpha technique. The results of the validity coefficient on the social support scale move from rix = 0.472 to rix = 0.833, the reliability coefficient = 0.962. In religiosity, the results of the validity coefficient move from rix = 0.329 to rix = 0.844 with a reliability coefficient of = 0.953. And on the psychological welfare scale, the results of the validity coefficient move from rix = 0.312 to rix = 0.855 with a reliability coefficient of = 0.949. Based on data analysis, the correlation value between social support and psychological well-being is 0.427 with a significance level of p = 0.000 (p <0.01). The value between religiosity and psychological well-being is 0.517, with a significance level of p = 0.000 (p <0.01). Furthermore, the correlation value between social support and religiosity with psychological well-being is 0.590 with a probability value (sig. F change) = 0.0000, because the value of sig. Changes in F < 0.05, then the hypothesis can be accepted. This shows that there is a significant relationship between social and religious support with psychological well-being.

This study aims to find out the relationship between social support, psychological well-being, and resilience in disaster-resilient communities. Data collection techniques include the social support scale, the psychological well-being scale (PWBS), and the resilience scale. The study subjects numbered 81 people from Tangguh Bencana villagers who had received disaster mitigation. Data retrieval techniques use incidental sampling methods. The analysis method used is double regression. The results showed that simultaneously there is a relationship between social support and psychological well-being and resilience in the villagers of Tangguh disaster (p = 0.000). While the results of the study partially showed that there is a positive correlation between social support and resilience and a positive correlation between psychological well-being and resilience,. This means that the existence of good social and psychological well-being support contributes to the high resilience of tangguh disaster villagers in the face of difficult situations due to the disaster they face

Background: Psychological disorders often threaten the mental health of individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Higher levels of psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction provide these patients with better social relationships and greater biopsychological health. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological wellbeing, early maladaptive schemas, resilience and perceived social support mediated by self-compassion and hope in women with MS. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted from August to October 2019. The study population consisted of all female patients with MS who were admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Milad Hospital, and Charity Foundation for Special Diseases in Tehran City, Iran. Using the stratification convenience sampling method, 300 patients were recruited as the study sample. The research instruments included the Self-Compassion Scale, Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Wellbeing, and the Adult Hope Scale. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. SPSS and AMOS were used for analyzing the collected data. Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion, hope, resilience, perceived social support, and psychological wellbeing (P<0.01). There was also a negative relationship between early maladaptive schemas and psychological wellbeing in the study participants (P<0.01). The indirect path analysis data indicated that self-compassion and hope played a mediating role in the relationship between perceived social support, resilience, early maladaptive schemas, and psychological wellbeing (P<0.01). Conclusion: The designed model fitted the empirical data very well. Therefore, the research components can help researchers, therapists, and psychiatric nurses to design better procedures to care for patients with MS.

The current study aimed to investigate the ability of well-being and social support factors to predict psychological resilience among families of children with disabilities. The sample consisted of (150) families of children with disabilities in Amman and Zarqa, who were chosen randomly. To achieve the objectives of the study, scales of psychological immunity, scale of social support, and scale of psychological well-being were built, and the psychometric properties of the scales were ascertained. The results showed that the general mean of the overall score for the psychological resilience scale, the social support scale and the psychological well-being scale was at an average level. The results also indicated that the feeling of well-being explains 40.5% of the variance in psychological immunity, and that social support explains 1.3% of the variance in psychological immunity. The researcher recommended conducting more studies that examine the relationship of social support and psychological well-being to predict the psychological resilience of specific categories of disability.

Physician well-being has rapidly become an important area of interest given that reduced well-being can have a negative effect on patient outcomes. The majority of studies in this area have focused on impairment, and research on skills and processes that allow physicians and resident physicians to achieve and maintain adequate levels of well-being has been limited. As such, the purpose of the present study was to adopt a positive psychology approach to investigate well-being as more than the presence or absence of dysfunction. It aimed to examine the link between self-regulation capacity, an important self-management skill, and psychological and affective well-being among physicians and resident physicians. A total of 132 Canadian physicians and resident physicians completed online questionnaires assessing their levels of psychological and affective well-being and self-regulation capacity in order to determine if there were significant differences in well-being between physicians and resident physicians with high and low self-regulation capacity. Physicians and resident physicians had moderate and high levels of self-regulation capacity, respectively. While both groups were generally high in psychological well-being, they had average levels of positive and negative affect. Between-subject MANOVAs confirmed the hypothesis that high self-regulating physicians and resident physicians have higher levels of psychological well-being and positive affect compared to those with lower levels. However, those higher in self-regulation capacity did not have lower negative affect, nor did physicians have significantly higher levels of psychological and affective well-being than resident physicians. Results do not support some of the literature suggesting that physicians are highly distressed and cannot manage the demands of their profession. The positive significant association between the physicians and resident physicians' self-regulation capacity and well-being implies that nurturing self-regulation skills within this population could potentially be one way to help them adapt to meet the evolving demands of the medical profession.