Abstract
The iron dependent, programmed cell death, ferroptosis was described first in tumour cells. It showed distinct features from the already known cell death forms such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The caspase independent cell death could be induced by the depletion of glutathione by erastin or by the inhibition of the lipid peroxide scavenger enzyme GPX4 by RSL3 and it was accompanied by the generation of lipid reactive oxygen species. Recently, ferroptosis-like cell death associated to glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and iron dependency could also be induced in plant cells by heat treatment. Unfortunately, the mediators and elements of the ferroptotic pathway have not been described yet. Our present results on Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures suggest that acrolein, a lipid peroxide-derived reactive carbonyl species, is involved in plant ferroptosis-like cell death. The acrolein induced cell death could be mitigated by the known ferroptosis inhibitors such as Ferrostatin-1, Deferoxamine, α-Tocopherol, and glutathione. At the same time acrolein can be a mediator of ferroptosis-like cell death in plant cells since the known ferroptosis inducer RSL3 induced cell death could be mitigated by the acrolein scavenger carnosine. Finally, on the contrary to the caspase independent ferroptosis in human cells, we found that caspase-like activity can be involved in plant ferroptosis-like cell death.
Highlights
Plants in their natural environments are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, including pathogens, drought, heavy metals, extreme temperature, salt and high light
It was found that acrolein, one of the lipid peroxide derived reactive carbonyl species caused depletion of the GSH pool in BY-2 tobacco cells, gradually lowered the ascorbate level and enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level caused cell death [15]
Similar to the human cells, heat stress induced ferroptosis-like cell death (FCD) in plant cells was accompanied by the accumulation of lipid ROS, and depletion of GSH [10]
Summary
Plants in their natural environments are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, including pathogens, drought, heavy metals, extreme temperature, salt and high light. Under these stress conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from molecular oxygen can accumulate in plant cells [1,2,3]. The fragmentation of lipid alkoxyl radicals yields the production of reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein [8].
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