Abstract
Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the effects of several fluoride-based varnishes: Sodium diamine fluoride (SDF), nanosilver fluoride (NSF), and propolis fluoride (PPF). Fluoride-based varnish is proven to remineralize and arrest caries progression with minimal side effects. SDF, the gold standard for this study, compared to NSF and PPF to observe the dentin morphology, hardness, and crystallinity test.Methods: Dentin blocks were allocated and divided into control groups and treatment groups with SDF (38%), NSF (3.16%, 3.66%, and 4.16%), and PPF (3%, 6%, and 10%). The dentin discs were demineralized using a demineralization solution (pH 4.4) for 96 h. Each dentin disc in the treatment group received a topical application of various fluoride-based varnishes and was then subjected to pH cycling for 8 days. The surface morphology of dentin was observed by a scanning electron micrograph (SEM), dentin hardness was analyzed by a Vickers microhardness tester, and the crystal characteristics of dentin blocks were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD).Results: This study showed crystal fluorapatite on the dentin surface of SDF and NSF. There was an amorphous layer on the dentin surface of PPF (10%) detected when using SEM. The Vickers hardness number of dentin increased after the application of SDF, NSF, and PPF. XRD revealed precipitates of apatite compounds, calcium compounds, and metal compounds in the treatment groups in higher concentrations than in the control (demineralized) group.Conclusion: It was concluded that SDF, NSF, and PPF were effective for dentin remineralization. Hence, NSF and PPF fluoride-based varnishes are promising as anticariogenic agents.
Highlights
Based on the data collected for basic health research from the Ministry of Health, the percentage of dental and mouth problems in Indonesia, in 2007, reached 23.3% and increased in 2013 to 25.9%
This was an experimental laboratory study using dentin blocks separated into several groups: Positive control groups using demineralized dentin blocks, negative control groups using dentin blocks without a demineralized process, and treatment groups that received topical applications of 38% sodium diamine fluoride (SDF), 3.16% and 4.16% nanosilver fluoride (NSF), and 3% and 10% propolis fluoride (PPF)
The results of dentine hardness tests before and after demineralized and after the application of SDF, NSF, and PPF are shown in Fig. 2, which shows the difference in mean values for each group
Summary
Based on the data collected for basic health research from the Ministry of Health, the percentage of dental and mouth problems in Indonesia, in 2007, reached 23.3% and increased in 2013 to 25.9%. The decay missing filling tooth index in 2013 reached 4.6, which means that tooth decay in the Indonesia population affected 460 teeth per 100 people [1]. Fluoride is a natural mineral that can inhibit the development of dental caries. Fluoride plays an important role in inhibiting demineralization and improving natural remineralization [2]. Previous studies using SDF have shown that SDF consists of silver (Ag) and fluoride (F); silver acts as an antimicrobial agent and fluoride plays a role in enhancing remineralization as a strong anticaries agent [11]. SDF causes black stains on the teeth, so NSF is formulated as an alternative agent alongside SDF in dealing with dental caries. NSF has components similar to SDF, including silver (in the form of nanoparticles) and fluoride [12]
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