Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this present study was to analyze several fluoride-based varnishes: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF), nanosilver fluoride (NSF), and propolis fluoride (PPF). Fluoride-based varnish is proven to act as antibacterial and remineralization agents that arrested caries progression with minimal side effects. SDF, the golden standard for this study, was compared to NSF and PPF, which were made in our own laboratory, to evaluate their ability to release calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and act as anticariogenic agents.Methods: Human dentin discs were prepared and divided into control groups and treatment groups with SDF (38%), NSF (3.16%, 3.66%, and 4.16%), and PPF (3%, 6%, and 10%). The dentin discs were demineralized using a demineralization solution (pH 4.4) for 96 h. Each dentin disc in the treatment group received a topical application of various fluoride-based varnishes and then was subjected to pH-cycling for 8 days. The quantity of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions on the dentin discs surface was compared after being detected using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.Results: The result revealed that the calcium ion levels in groups NSF and PPF increased significantly compared to SDF. The levels of phosphate ions and fluoride ions in groups NSF and PPF increased significantly compared to SDF.Conclusion: The study concluded that, in contrast to SDF, the prepared NSF and PPF fluoride-based varnishes were shown to release calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions in this study. Hence, NSF and PPF fluoride-based varnishes are promising as anticariogenic agents.
Highlights
Dental caries is the most common oral health problem worldwide
Preliminary study showed that this propolis has a strong antibacterial effect on S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. This present observation was to confirm that the mixture of propolis and silver nano fluoridebased varnish has a potency as an anticariogenic by releasing three main components: Calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ion
nanosilver fluoride (NSF) was made by a modification of the procedures of Dos Santos et al, green synthesis methods were used, and distilled water was chosen as the solvent, gelatin as the stabilizer, and glucose as the reducing agent [18]
Summary
Dental caries is the most common oral health problem worldwide. Around 60–90% of school children in the world experience dental caries, and most of them do not have proper treatment [1]. Dental caries is represented microscopically as the demineralization of the hard tissue of the teeth. Caries is a multifactorial disease with factors that include a host (saliva and teeth structure), cariogenic microorganism (Streptococcus mutans), diet (carbohydrate), and time [2]. There are two different surfaces microscopically: Infected dentin and affected dentin. Infected dentin affects the outer surface and is irreversible, infected, unable to remineralize, and must be cleaned. Affected dentin does not have to be excavated because it has the ability to be remineralized if there are enough fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ions on the environment [3]
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