The potential of BEN815 as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antioxidant agent for the treatment of COVID-19

Abstract

BackgroundThe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the fact that there are few effective antiviral agents for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Although the very recent development of vaccines is an extremely important breakthrough, it remains unclear how long-lived such vaccines will be. The development of new agents therefore remains an important goal. PurposeGiven the multifaceted pathology of COVID-19, a combinatorial formulation may provide an effective treatment. BEN815, a natural nutraceutical composed of extracts from guava leaves (Psidium guajava), green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), and rose petals (Rosa hybrida), had previously shown to have a therapeutic effect on allergic rhinitis. We investigated whether BEN815 possesses anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antioxidant activities, since the combination of these effects could be useful for the treatment of COVID-19. Study designWe examined the anti-inflammatory effects of BEN815 and its principal active components quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells and in an LPS-challenged mouse model of endotoxemia. We also assessed the antioxidant activity, and antiviral effect of BEN815, quercetin, and EGCG in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cells. MethodsThe principal active ingredients in BEN815 were determined and quantified using HPLC. Changes in the levels of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured by ELISA. Changes in the expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed using western blotting. Antioxidant assay was performed using DPPH and ABTS assay. SARS-CoV-2 replication was measured by immunofluorescence staining. ResultsBEN815 significantly suppressed the induction of IL-6 and TNF-α as well as COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In addition, BEN815 protected against LPS-challenged endotoxic shock in mice. Two major constituents of BEN815, quercetin and EGCG, reduced the induction of IL-6 and TNF-α as well as COX-2 and iNOS synthase in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. BEN815, quercetin, and EGCG were also found to have antioxidant effects. Importantly, BEN815 and EGCG could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replications in Vero cells. ConclusionBEN815 is an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant natural agent that can be used to prevent and improve inflammation-related diseases, COVID-19.