Abstract
With increasing energy prices and the drive to reduce CO 2 emissions, universities and industries face the challenge of finding new technologies to reduce energy consumption, to meet legal emission requirements and to reduce cost while increasing quality. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water-in-diesel (WiDE) emulsions on the combustion performance and emulsion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine under 0 to 50% engine loads at 0 to 300 psi with engine operating speeds of 1200 to 2500 rpm. The five types of emulsified diesel fuel used in this study consisted of WiDE-5%, WiDE-10%, WiDE-20%, WiDE-30% and WiDE-40% with 3% of the surfactants tested. The results show that 15–85% emulsion diesel fuel is comparable and compatible with pure diesel. The power curve shows the emulsion diesel to be relatively similar to pure diesel, but with slightly higher results at 0% (0 psi). The torque curve at 0% also shows the emulsion diesel to be similar to pure diesel where the 15 – 85% torque is higher than that of pure diesel. The engine torque, power and brake efficiency increase as the water percentage in the emulsion increases. The NO and CO 2 emission results of the 15–85% fuel were better than that of pure diesel; however, the CO emissions were higher, especially at higher engine speeds.
Highlights
Emulsions of water in diesel for use in internal combustion engines are applicable alternative fuels for existing vehicle fleets
The presence of water has a significant effect on several emission constituents, including exhaust gases, such as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide (CO), as well as black smoke and particulate matter
The use of renewable fuels is the most effective way to limit the net increase of atmospheric CO2
Summary
Emulsions of water in diesel for use in internal combustion engines are applicable alternative fuels for existing vehicle fleets. The typical water content of the diesel emulsions is between 10 and 20% Both the global and local effects of environmental emissions are of concern when using alternative vehicle fuels. The primary focus of the effect of local emissions is placed on the health hazardous NOx and the particulate matter emissions. For new engines, these emissions are strictly regulated by legislation. In Euro 4 (2005) and in Euro 5 (2008), the emissions of NOx, particulate matter, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are clearly regulated; for existing vehicles, other rules apply
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