Abstract
In recent years, various studies have increasingly explained platelet functions not only in their central role as a regulator in cellular hemostasis and coagulation. In fact, there is growing evidence that under specific conditions, platelets act as a mediator between the vascular system, hemostasis, and the immune system. Therefore, they are essential in many processes involved in tissue remodeling and tissue reorganization after injury or inflammatory responses. These processes include the promotion of inflammatory processes, the contribution to innate and adaptive immune responses during bacterial and viral infections, the modulation of angiogenesis, and the regulation of cell apoptosis in steady-state tissue homeostasis or after tissue breakdown. All in all platelets may contribute to the control of tissue homeostasis much more than generally assumed. This review summarizes the current knowledge of platelets as part of the tissue remodeling network and seeks to provide possible translational implications for clinical therapy.
Highlights
The role of platelets in vaso-occlusive diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis has long been known [1, 2]
It is not surprising that platelets bearing a wide variety of membrane receptors and cytokines, take part in the mediation of angiogenesis
Efficient recovery from tissue injury is a long process of tissue reorganization and restructuring, which is known as tissue remodeling
Summary
The induction and regulation of hemostasis belongs to the primary functions of platelets and can be found among the first steps of tissue repair. Platelets were demonstrated to activate liver sinusoidal endothelial cells via SDF-1 and to further upregulate this process through VEGF-mediated myeloid cell recruitment [192]. This mechanism contributed to liver regeneration, platelet derived SDF-1 played a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. With respect to stem cell recruitment, several studies have outlined the beneficial effects of platelets on wound healing and vascular formation through SDF-1 and bFGF secretion [111, 202] Platelet mediators such as SDF-1 and TGF-β1 stimulate extracellular matrix formation and connective tissue restructuring. The effects of the platelets on tissue remodeling depend on the affected organ which needs to be considered when developing new therapeutic targets
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