Abstract
The LHC high-luminosity upgrade in 2024–2026 requires the associated detectors to operate at luminosities about 5–7 times larger than assumed in their original design. The pile-up is expected to increase to up to 200 events per proton bunch-crossing. The current readout of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters does not provide sufficient buffering and bandwidth capabilities to accommodate the hardware triggers requirements imposed by these harsh conditions. Furthermore, the expected total radiation doses are beyond the qualification range of the current front-end electronics. For these reasons an almost complete replacement of the front-end and off-detector readout system is foreseen for the 182,468 readout channels. The new readout system will be based on a free-running architecture, where calorimeter signals are amplified, shaped and digitized by on-detector electronics, then sent at 40 MHz to the off-detector electronics for further processing. Results from the design studies on the performance of the components of the readout system are presented, as well as the results of the tests of the first prototypes.
Highlights
The ability to measure the energy of minimum ionizing particles (MIP) for calibration purposes defines the low end of the dynamic range, while the high end is defined by the maximum cell energy that would be expected in the search for a hypothetical high mass particle
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) design based on a commercial IP block would provide an intermediate approach in the ability to customize the application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) for the LAr readout needs
The readout electronics for the ATLAS LAr calorimeter needs to be replaced in time for the HLLHC data-taking period
Summary
The new LAr calorimeter readout electronics must satisfy the following requirements. First, the readout electronics must provide the ability to measure a wide dynamic range of energies, driven by the physics needs of the experiment. The ability to measure the energy of minimum ionizing particles (MIP) for calibration purposes defines the low end of the dynamic range, while the high end is defined by the maximum cell energy that would be expected in the search for a hypothetical high mass particle. This corresponds to the ability to measure cell energies in the range of a few tens of MeV all the way up to a few TeV. The high end of the dynamic range sets the requirement on the maximum input current that the pre-amplifiers will need to be able to cope with. The following sections briefly describe the different main components of this readout architecture and provide the status of ongoing R&D
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