Abstract
Simple SummaryCashmere goats have double coats consisting of non-modulated fine inner hairs or cashmere fibers produced by secondary hair follicles (SHFs) and guard hairs produced by primary hair follicles (PHFs). Cashmere is an important economic product worldwide. The world market for cashmere is increasing while the current production of cashmere is limited. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), a 4.9 kDa protein, contains 43 amino acids. Here, we investigated whether Tβ4 overexpression would increase SHF numbers, and thus improve the cashmere yield. We produced Tβ4 transgenic goats using a tissue-specific overexpression strategy. The Tβ4 overexpression (Tβ4-OE) goats had increased hair follicle development and higher cashmere yields than the wild type (WT) goats. The development of this goat model is not only valuable as a framework for future studies of the mechanism of goat follicular development, but will also lead to the improvement of economically important cashmere traits.Increased cashmere yield and improved quality are some goals of cashmere goat breeding. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) plays a key role in the growth and development of hair follicles. For the past ten years, we have evaluated the role of Tβ4 by establishing a flock of 15 cashmere goats that specifically overexpress the Tβ4 gene in the hair follicles. These Tβ4 overexpression (Tβ4-OE) cashmere goats had more secondary hair follicles than the WT goats and produced more cashmere. Meanwhile, combined analysis of the skin transcriptome and proteome in cashmere goats suggested that Tβ4 may affect hair growth by interacting with keratin type II cytoskeletal 4 epidermal (KRT4) to mediate the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, thereby promoting the development of secondary hair follicles, and consequently, increasing cashmere yield. Thus, the specific overexpression of Tβ4 in the hair follicles of cashmere goats effectively increased the cashmere yield.
Highlights
The cashmere goat is one of the most important genetic resources in China [1,2,3]
Cashmere is derived from secondary hair follicles (SHFs), which are morphologically distinct from primary hair follicles (PHFs) [13]
After propagation and genotyping of the Tβ4 overexpression (Tβ4-OE) polyclonal cells, we found that four polyclonal cell genomes (33.33%) had integrated the pCDsR-KT vector (Figure 1c)
Summary
The cashmere goat is one of the most important genetic resources in China [1,2,3]. Alpas cashmere goats live on the Inner Mongolian Plateau, which is characterized by its fragile ecological conditions, intense temperature changes, sparse vegetation, sandy soils, and high winds [4]. Cashmere is derived from secondary hair follicles (SHFs), which are morphologically distinct from primary hair follicles (PHFs) [13]. Cashmere goat hair follicles (HFs) exhibit an annual periodicity, having three distinct physical phases per year: anagen (growth; August to October), catagen (regression; after December), and telogen (rest; after February). Cashmere production depends primarily on the area and length of the cashmere fibers. These parameters are determined by the number of SHFs and the point in the hair growth cycle at which the fibers are collected [15,16,17,18]. One of the key goals of cashmere goat breeding is to increase the number of SHFs carried by the goat
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