The Option Element in Contracting

BackgroundIn our country, a newly formed working group coordinates and develops clinical and ward pharmacy services nationally. In 2014, the group agreed on, produced and implemented, national standards for ward...

This study examines the Universities’ Anthems in Nigeria as a distinct Genre. The present study analyzes a corpus composed of ten (10) anthems texts belonging to six federal Universities, two State owned Universities, and two private Universities in Nigeria. This study seeks to establish University anthems in Nigeria as a sub-genre of anthems by identifying the Generic structure Potential (GSP) of the selected university anthems as permitted by their contextual configuration (CC) following the theory of Halliday and Hasan (1985) as a theoretical framework for the study. The analysis in this study intends to come up with the total range of optional and obligatory elements in the University anthems analysed which are the possibilities of text structure for every text that can come up under the Genre of University anthem. The analysis revealed two obligatory elements -Identity/ Orientation IO* and Mission /Vision MV*- and five optional elements- Ideology (ID), Evocation/Eulogy (EE), Prayer (PR), Exhortation (EX), and Pledge/Allegiance (PA). The study concludes that even though University anthems, as a form of poem seemingly appear in different structures, there is a certain pattern of a Generic Structure that construes the purpose the anthems are intended to serve for the institutions; that is to communicate the identity of the institution.

The goal of this research was to investigate children’s recall of optional and obligatory elements of a script-based story as the retention period increased. Typically developing children, 20 kindergarteners and 20 second graders, participated. Children were asked to retell a story immediately after exposure to it, as well as one week post-, and two weeks post-exposure. Findings provide evidence that children of both age groups were able to marshal their script knowledge to recall stories over time. Older children were able to recall more elements and more of both, obligatory and optional elements, than younger children across all recall attempts.

Unlike most polymorphic markers in the Chlamydomonas eugametos and Chlamydomonas moewusii chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs), the C. moewusii 6- and 21-kb extra sequences and the C. eugametos-specific CeLSU small middle dot 5 intron are transmitted to all of the few viable progeny in reciprocal crosses between the two green algae. To determine whether this unidirectional transmission pattern is due to gene conversion or to selection for F1 hybrid survival, we followed the inheritance of the parental alleles at the loci featuring these three deletions/additions and at several other polymorphic cpDNA loci in zygospore clones derived from high-viability crosses. The great majority of the zygospore clones examined inherited exclusively the long alleles from the mt- parent at the loci containing the three optional cpDNA elements, but as expected, they preferentially inherited the markers from the mt+ parent at most other loci. Our results therefore indicate that all three optional cpDNA sequences propagate themselves very efficiently by gene conversion in crosses between strains differing by the presence of these elements. The co-conversion tracts associated with these sequences are longer (>3 kb) than those previously reported for mobile elements spreading by gene conversion. Our results also revealed that less efficient gene conversion events occurred at two other cpDNA loci.

This article describes the behavioral science curriculum currently in place at the Trident/MUSC Family Medicine Residency Program. The Trident/MUSC Program is a 10-10-10 community-based, university-affiliated program in Charleston, South Carolina. Over the years, the Trident/MUSC residency program has graduated over 400 Family Medicine physicians. The current behavioral science curriculum consists of both required core elements (didactic lectures, clinical observation, Balint groups, and Resident Grand Rounds) as well as optional elements (longitudinal patient care experiences, elective rotations, behavioral science editorial experience, and scholars project with a behavioral science focus). All Trident/MUSC residents complete core behavioral science curriculum elements and are free to participate in none, some, or all of the optional behavioral science curriculum elements. This flexibility allows resident physicians to tailor the educational program in a manner to meet individual educational needs. The behavioral science curriculum is based upon faculty interpretation of existing "best practice" guidelines (Residency Review Committee-Family Medicine and AAFP). This article provides sufficient curriculum detail to allow the interested reader the opportunity to adapt elements of the behavioral science curriculum to other residency training programs. While this behavioral science track system is currently in an early stage of implementation, the article discusses track advantages as well as future plans to evaluate various aspects of this innovative educational approach.

Lists and optional elements are such an important aspect of editor specifications that they deserve to be discussed in more detail. Although iterated elements (lists) and optional elements are concepts that are commonly found in many extended BNF notations, the form that they take in the Synthesizer Specification Language is different from the familiar notions. The chief motivation for SSL’s notation for lists and optional elements is to provide a uniform notation for specifying the attribution of terms and their unparsing. The attribute equations and, with one small exception, the unparsing declarations that one writes for list phyla and optional phyla are no different in form from those that are used for ordinary phyla. For example, because all lists are terminated by an instance of the list phylum’s nullary operator, there is no need for special-case rules covering the cases of an empty list, a singleton list, and a list of length two or more, as would otherwise have been necessary.

To express object transfer, Cantonese-speakers use a 'ditransitive' ([V-R-T] or [V-T-R] where V=Verb, T=Theme, R=Recipient), or a more complex prepositional/serial-verb (P/SV) construction. Clausal elements in Cantonese datives can be optional (resulting in 'full' versus 'non-full' forms) or appear in variant orders (full non-canonical and full canonical). We report on usage of dative constructions with the word bei2 'to give' in 86 parents and 53 three-year-old children during conversations. The parents used more P/SV than ditransitive bei2-datives, and vice versa for the children. Both groups showed a similar usage pattern of optional elements and variant structures in their ditransitive and P/SV bei2-datives. The roles of multiple construction types, optional elements and variant structures in children's learning of bei2-dative constructions are described.

Researches on information quality standard is few both domestic and abroad, furthermore, there is no research on quality standard of rural information. In order to meet the need of China’s rural information construction, promote the development of information science, the research objects and difficulties in the study of quality standard of rural information have been analyzed by the authors. New conceptions such as relativity, essential requirement, external expression, requisite element, optional element have been put forward creatively. Besides, researches on commonality extracted from diversified rural information and standardized treatment on relativity of rural information have been taken. Moreover, a qualified expression method based on the organic integration of essential requirement and external expression has been explored. The dialectical relationship between essential requirement and external expression, internal elements within the essential requirement, requisite element and optional element has been highly concluded in this paper. Consequently, “essential requirement, four necessities; external expression, classified description; pursuing integrity, not inexhaustibility; simple and clear, stressing on utility” as the clew of compiling this standard has been extracted and the grades and standard of rural information quality have been preliminarily brought up.

Village map is a basic thematic map that contains elements and information on boundaries, transportation infrastructure, toponyms, waters, infrastructure, land cover and land use that are presented in several map forms. The diversity of village map types in Indonesia is one of the reasons for the Geospatial Information Agency to make a standardization policy of village mapping as a national reference. Procurement of village maps is needed to accelerate the process of village and rural development by utilizing spatial data. The final result of this study is a village map consisting of an image map, a map of land cover, and a map of infrastructure. The presentation of the Panyuran Sub-District map is adjusted to the map elements that must be displayed in accordance with BIG Decree No. 3 of 2016. The percentage of conformity of the presentation of image maps to the mandatory elements is 71.43%, 0% selected elements, and conditional elements 91.30%. Then the percentage of suitability of the presentation of the map of land cover to the mandatory elements is 71.43%, the optional element is 0%, and the conditional element is 88.89%. While the percentage of suitability of the presentation of infrastructure map is 75.00% mandatory element, 0% optional element, and 92.00% conditional element.

Systemic Functional Linguists introduced Generic Structural Potential (GSP) that can be used to distinguish different social activities of a text. A variety of researches have been conducted on Generic Structural Potential of the editorials of other countries. However, no research has been conducted about the editorials of Myanmar newspaper. Therefore, The Myanmar Times newspaper, written in English, is chosen to carry out a research. The aim of the research paper is to identify the schematic structural elements of the editorials in The Myanmar Times newspaper. The materials are measured using Generic Structure Potential proposed by Halliday and Hason (1985). The result of the study shows that there are two obligatory elements and five optional elements. Heading (H), and Contributing the Writer’s Opinion (O) are obligatory while Picture (P), Caption(C ), Addressing the issue (AI) , Background Information (BI), and Discussing the issue Raised (D) are optional elements. The sequence of the elements follows the procedure H^ (P)^{ *(BI) *(AI) *(D) }^O.

The compositional characteristics of the English cooking recipes dating back to the second half of the 19th century were analyzed in detail using the Book of Household Management compiled by Isabella Mary Beeton (also known as Mrs Beeton), a famous Englishwoman, and published in 1861. Owing to the growing interest in the gastronomic discourse, this research is of particular relevance – although the language of cooking is rich, its specifics and evolution have been still understudied. It was found that the soup recipes from the book under consideration have such structural elements as titles, ingredients list, main bodies, and, in some cases, optional elements. All of these elements were described. A classification of the obligatory and optional elements was introduced. All recipe parts (in accordance with P.P. Burkova’s classification) were divided into introductory (title, list of ingredients), instructive (recipe body), and concluding blocks (time and money required for cooking, seasonality of ingredients, number of portions, information about the history of a particular ingredient). It was concluded that the structure of the English cooking recipes of the second half of the 19th century is stereotyped, which can be explained by the author’s ambition to make it easy for young and unskilled housewives to master the art of culinary and housekeeping.

The script frameworks model (R. Schank, 1975) and causal network model (T. Trabasso & L. Sperry, 1985) were used to assess script-based story retellings of children with and without language impairments (LI). When retelling scripts and stories, children developing typically include (a) more obligatory than optional elements, with few temporal sequencing errors, and (b) story elements having several versus few causal connections to other story elements. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with LI demonstrated a similar pattern of recall. A script-based story retell was collected from 22 children with LI and 22 age-matched peers (AM). Retells were analyzed for inclusion of obligatory and optional elements, elements with high and low causal connectivity, and temporal sequencing accuracy. Retells from both groups contained more obligatory elements and elements with high causal connectivity. However, groups differed on the specific elements included. Children in the AM group appeared to utilize script and causal connectivity elements when retelling a script-based story. Children in the LI group appeared to focus more on script elements than causal connectivity. Their deficiencies may reflect difficulties with flexible application of scripts and accessing relevant knowledge, and/or generalized difficulties organizing information and extracting patterns.

The WWW contains a huge amount of documents. Some of them share the subject, but are generated by different people or even organizations. To guarantee the interchange of such documents, we can use XML, which allows to share documents that do not have the same structure. However, it makes difficult to understand the core of such heterogeneous documents (in general, schema is not available). In this paper, we offer a characterization and algorithm to obtain the midpoint (in terms of a resemblance function) of a set of semi-structured, heterogeneous documents without optional elements. The trivial case of midpoint would be the common elements to all documents. Nevertheless, in cases with several heterogeneous documents this may result in an empty set. Thus, we consider that those elements present in a given amount of documents belong to the midpoint. A exact schema could always be found generating optional elements. However, the exact schema of the whole set may result in overspecialization (lots of optional elements), which would make it useless.

ObjectiveThis analysis was undertaken to determine how the data completeness, consistency, and other attributes of our local syndromic surveillance program compared to the National Syndromic Surveillance Platform.IntroductionIn 2005, the Cook County Department of Public Health (CCDPH) began using the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) as an emergency department (ED)-based local syndromic surveillance program (LSSP); 23 (100%) of 23 hospitals in suburban Cook County report to the LSSP. Data are transmitted in delimited ASCII text files (i.e., flat files) and contain a unique patient identifier, visit date and time, zip code, age, sex, and chief complaint. Discharge diagnosis and disposition are optional data elements. Prior to 2017, the Illinois Department of Public Health placed facilities participating in the Cook LSSP in a holding queue to transform their flat file submissions into a HL7 compliant message; however as of 2017, eligible hospitals must submit HL7 formatted production data to IDPH to fulfill Meaningful Use. The primary syndromic surveillance system for Illinois is the National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP), which transitioned to an ESSENCE interface in 2016. As of December 2016, 20 (87%) of 23 hospitals reporting to the LSSP also reported to IDPH and the NSSP. As both syndromic surveillance systems aim to collect the same data, and now can be analyzed with the same interface, CCDPH sought to compare the LSSP and NSSP for data completeness, consistency, and other attributes.MethodsOur comparison of NSSP to the LSSP focused on data completeness for key demographic and medical variables and consistency in total visit counts. Analysis of completeness utilized data from December 2016 for 20 hospitals contributing HL7 production data to IDPH at that time. Total visit counts in both systems were compared for the same 20 hospitals from February 5th-11th 2017, a randomly chosen time period. A target threshold of less than 3% difference in total visit counts was set by the CCDPH system users. Analysis was completed in Microsoft Excel 2010. Other attributes of the surveillance systems were qualitatively assessed by the primary system users at CCDPH.ResultsAll variables required by the LSSP had 98-100% completeness in both the LSSP and NSSP (unique patient identifier, age, sex, zip code, visit time and date, and chief complaint). However, the LSSP optional data elements, discharge diagnosis and discharge disposition, were less complete in the LSSP, compared to the NSSP (Diagnosis: 56% versus 83%, Disposition: 66% versus 80%). Among variables required for NSSP reporting but not reported to the LSSP, completeness ranged from 100% (race, ethnicity) to 82% (county). Optional data elements within NSSP ranged in completeness from 73% (initial pulse oximetry) to 0% (initial blood pressure, insurance coverage). Of the 20 hospitals evaluated for visit counts, only one hospital had <3% difference in visit counts in the LSSP and NSSP for all 7 days assessed. Ten hospitals had >3% difference in visit counts on all seven days. Average seven day differences for hospitals ranged from 0% to 54%. Eighteen (90%) of 20 hospitals were reporting larger numbers of visits to NSSP than to the LSSP.ConclusionsOverall completeness of data was similar between the national and our local ESSENCE systems with most required variables having over 98% completeness. NSSP had higher completeness over the LSSP for discharge diagnosis and disposition. Additional data elements required by NSSP, but unavailable in the LSSP, had similarly high completeness but optional NSSP variables of interest showed greater variability in reporting. Differences in visit counts were higher than expected. An ongoing exploration of these differences has shown they are multifaceted and require hospital-specific interventions. There are strengths and limitations to both the NSSP and LSSP. CCDPH has direct control over data sharing between jurisdictions in the LSSP and there has historically been less system “down time” in the LSSP compared to the NSSP; however, the use of flat files instead of HL7, as well as having fewer incentives for hospital participation (e.g. Meaningful Use) after 2016, results in limited data collection and stagnant growth compared to the NSSP. Jurisdictions using their own LSSPs should consider analyzing their data completeness, consistency, and quality compared to the NSSP.

This chapter explores construction types and the frequency of the use of optional syntactic elements in French motion descriptions. In Talmy’s typology on Satellite- vs. Verb-framed languages, French is characterized as using the construction type of verb-framed languages for motion events, and according to his principles on the correlation between the fore- and backgroundedness of semantic components of motion and the cognitive cost of expressing them, manner and other concepts are expected to occur less frequently in foregrounded positions outside of the main verb than in backgrounded position in the main verb. This chapter shows, through an experimental method, that facts in French are more complex, and that the attraction of attention in perceived motion events has an impact on the choice of construction types and motivates manner and deixis to be expressed more frequently in optional syntactic elements under certain circumstances than Talmy’s principles would predict.