The nurse’s role in recognizing dermatological changes in individuals with diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic, progressive metabolic disease that has now reached pandemic proportions. It’s estimated that 10.5% of the world’s population has diabetes, making it a global challenge that requires attention and innovative strategies from healthcare systems worldwide. While macrovascular complications remain the leading cause of death in diabetes patients, this study provides a detailed description of dermatological changes in these individuals, with a particular emphasis on the severity of diabetic foot conditions. Within the realm of dermatological manifestations, specific changes such as acanthosis nigricans, diabetic dermopathy, and xerosis are thoroughly described, and they are all specific for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Other manifestations, such as diabetic blisters and vitiligo, which are more common in individuals with type 1 diabetes, are also analysed. The study places a special focus on the crucial role of nurses in recognizing skin changes in diabetes patients. It highlights the importance of continuous education about precise insulin application and emphasises the need for regular systematic skin examinations, particularly in areas that are not easily visible to the patient, such as the feet or back. Nurse educators, like physicians, also share the responsibility for demonstrating self-examination skills or conducting joint examinations of these areas during consultations. Ultimately, this study advocates for an active partnership between healthcare professionals and individuals with diabetes to collectively address the challenges presented by diabetes, particularly in terms of dermatological changes.