Abstract

Nuclei and chromatin are rarely studied at a physiological salt concentration since they aggregate so readily [16]. As a result, they are generally studied in the presence of “stabilizing” divalent cations under hyper- or hypotonic conditions. Such conditions are unsatisfactory for several reasons. The “stabilizing” cations activate nucleases, destroying template integrity and supercoiling, and unphysiological salt concentrations may introduce artefacts. It has been suggested that structures called variously the nuclear matrix, cage or scaffold, are the site of replication and transcription [8], but they are not seen in the micrographs of “genes in action” obtained by Miller and colleagues using hypotonic conditions [15, 14].

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