Abstract
The DnaJ-like zinc finger domain-containing proteins are involved in different aspects of plastid function and development. Some of these proteins were recently reported to have dual subcellular localization in the nucleus and plastids. One member of this family, PSA2 (AT2G34860), was found to localize to the thylakoid lumen and regulate the assembly of photosystem I (PSI). However, PSA2 was also annotated as Embryo sac Development Arrest 3 (EDA3) from the observation that its embryo sac development was arrested at the two-nuclear stage. In this study, we characterized the eda3 mutant, and demonstrated that, as compared with the wild-type (WT) plants, the mutant has shorter siliques, fewer siliques per plant, and fewer seeds per silique. Both aborted and undeveloped ovules were observed in siliques of the mutant. By immunoblot analysis, we found that, different from the chloroplast localization in mature leaves, EDA3 localizes in the nucleus in seeds. A nuclear localization signal was identified from the deduced amino acid sequence of EDA3, and also proved to be sufficient for directing its fusion peptide into the nucleus.
Highlights
The alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte builds a complete life cycle of flowering plants, which is a joint effort of a broad spectrum of genes, such as those for gametogenesis, seed development, and subsequent growth
This study was mainly based on phenotype observation, and only a few of the Embryo sac Development Arrest (EDA) members were subsequently characterized, such as EDA17, a glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase for anther cutin biosynthesis, and EDA13, a WD40 protein involved in 18S rRNA biogenesis for gametogenesis [5,6]
As compared with there were much fewer siliques in each eda3 seedling (Figure 2B), and the siliques of the eda3the mutant seedlings, there were much fewer siliques each eda3 seedling
Summary
The alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte builds a complete life cycle of flowering plants, which is a joint effort of a broad spectrum of genes, such as those for gametogenesis, seed development, and subsequent growth. A comprehensive screening of Ds transposon insertion lines of Arabidopsis thaliana identified 130 genes that conferred defects in female gametophyte development and function [4]. Some of these mutants have defective mitoses during embryo sac development, exhibit an abnormal number or position of nuclei, or fail to fuse polar nuclei and become multicellular blastocysts. DnaJ-like an arrested development of embryo sacs at the two-nuclear stage during megagametogenesiszinc finger domain-containing proteins, which share a characteristic tandemly arranged.
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