Abstract
The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) consecutively sponsored the Ocean-Systems for Chemical, Optical, and Physical Experiments (O-SCOPE) and Multi-disciplinary Ocean Sensors for Environmental Analyses and Networks (MOSEAN) projects from 1998 through 2008. The O-SCOPE and MOSEAN projects focused on developing and testing new sensors and systems for autonomous, concurrent measurements of biological, chemical, optical, and physical variables from a diverse suite of stationary and mobile ocean platforms. Design considerations encompassed extended open-ocean and coastal deployments, instrument durability, biofouling mitigation, data accuracy and precision, near-real-time data telemetry, and economy—the latter being critical for widespread sensor and system utilization. The complementary O-SCOPE and MOSEAN projects increased ocean sensing and data telemetry capabilities for addressing many societally relevant problems such as global climate change, ocean carbon cycling and sequestration, acidification, eutrophication, anoxia, and ecosystem dynamics, including harmful algal blooms. NOPP support enabled O-SCOPE and MOSEAN to accelerate progress in achieving multiscale, multidisciplinary, sustained observations of the ocean environment. Importantly, both programs produced value-added scientific results, which demonstrated the utility of these new technologies. The NOPP framework fostered strong collaborations among academic, commercial, and government entities, and facilitated technology transfers to the general research community and to long-term observational and observatory programs.
Highlights
Perhaps no challenge is more daunting than the development of sensors to autonomously sample the biology and chemistry of the ocean
Observations of ocean biology and chemistry were largely restricted to discrete water samples collected from ships or piers because of the limited number of in situ biological and chemical sensors and because most biological and chemical analytical systems were designed only for use in laboratories (e.g., Tokar and Dickey, 2000; Hansen and Moore, 2001)
The advancement of long-term, robust, compact, lightweight, and energy efficient biological and chemical sensors has become necessary in order to fully exploit emerging autonomous in situ sampling platforms and to realize the vision of observing the global oceans using stationary and mobile instrument arrays and cabled networks (e.g., Stommel, 1989; Dickey, 1991, 2003; Glenn and Dickey, 2003; Schofield and Tivey, 2005; Dickey et al, 2006, 2008; Glenn and Schofield, this issue)
Summary
B y T omm yDickey, NickB at e s , Rob e r t H. The only way that this can be accomplished is through multiscale (spatial and temporal) networks of autonomous sensors and sensor platforms (i.e., moorings, autonomous underwater vehicles [AUVs], profiling floats, and gliders) to collect and transmit data to laboratories in real time for validation with standardized and accurate protocols (e.g., Dickey and Bidigare, 2005; Glenn and Schofield, this issue) Other papers in this issue by Bishop et al, Eriksen et al, Glenn and Schofield, Roemmich et al, and Scholin et al, as well as an article by Dickey et al (2008), describe progress in interdisciplinary measurements from mobile platforms. One of the National Oceanographic Partnership Program’s (NOPP’s) main missions in addition to fostering federal agency partnering was to fast-track specific initiatives to quickly make breakthroughs, including developing and transitioning new oceanographic technologies, especially those of an interdisciplinary nature With this backdrop, NOPP funded the OceanSystems for Chemical, Optical, and Physical Experiments (O-SCOPE) and Multi-disciplinary Ocean Sensors for Environmental Analyses and Networks (MOSEAN) projects for the periods of 1998–2003 and 2003–2008, respectively. Partner and Investigators Tommy Dickey (Lead PI for both projects) Grace Chang Derek Manov
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