Abstract
Complete details of the thermodynamics and molecular mechanisms of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and muscle contraction are offered from the standpoint of the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis and the rotation-uncoiling-tilt (RUT) energy storage mechanism of muscle contraction. The manifold fundamental consequences and mechanistic implications of the unified theory for oxidative phosphorylation and muscle contraction are explained. The consistency of current mechanisms of ATP synthesis and muscle contraction with experiment is assessed, and the novel insights of the unified theory are shown to take us beyond the binding change mechanism, the chemiosmotic theory and the lever arm model. It is shown from first principles how previous theories of ATP synthesis and muscle contraction violate both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, necessitating their revision. It is concluded that the new paradigm, ten years after making its first appearance, is now perfectly poised to replace the older theories. Finally, applications of the unified theory in cell life and cell death are outlined and prospects for future research are explored. While it is impossible to cover each and every specific aspect of the above, an attempt has been made here to address all the pertinent details and what is presented should be sufficient to convince the reader of the novelty, originality, breakthrough nature and power of the unified theory, its manifold fundamental consequences and mechanistic implications, and its applications in health and disease.
Highlights
As research subjects the molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis and the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction have intrigued and captured the attention of several generations of scientists during the past ~75 and ~150 years, respectively, and a tremendous amount of experimental and theoretical work has been done
Complete details of the thermodynamics and molecular mechanisms of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and muscle contraction are offered from the standpoint of the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis and the rotation-uncoiling-tilt (RUT) energy storage mechanism of muscle contraction
These changes occur during the 0-30o counterclockwise rotation of the bottom of the γ-subunit [1, 2, 17, 18]
Summary
As research subjects the molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis and the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction have intrigued and captured the attention of several generations of scientists during the past ~75 and ~150 years, respectively, and a tremendous amount of experimental and theoretical work (that never ceases to defy this researcher’s imagination) has been done (for selected, longer, and more comprehensive reviews in this decade, see [1,2,3,4,5]). These changes occur during the 0-30o counterclockwise rotation (viewed from F1) of the bottom of the γ-subunit [1, 2, 17, 18] (taking the number of subunits in the c-oligomer as 12 primarily for pedagogical reasons and for ease of explanation of a complex mechanism, but the molecular mechanism readily works for other numbers, including 10, the number employed for thermodynamic analysis in Section 4.3; in general the angle rotated in each step would be 360o/n, where n is the number of c-subunits) Another ~9 kJ/mol of torsional energy of γ is released and used to create the site for inorganic phosphate binding. Removal of the Various Inconsistencies in Previous Models by the Unified Theory
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