The Mutation K30D Disrupts the Only Salt Bridge at the Subunit Interface of the Homodimeric Hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis and Changes the Mechanism of Cooperativity

Abstract

The subunit interface of the homodimeric hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis, HbI, is stabilized by a network of interactions that involve several hydrogen-bonded structural water molecules, a hydrophobic patch, and a single, symmetrical salt bridge between residues Lys-30 and Asp-89. Upon mutation of Lys-30 to Asp, the interface is destabilized markedly. Sedimentation equilibrium and velocity experiments allowed the estimate of the dimerization constants for the unliganded (K(1,2D) = 8 x 10(4) M(-1)) and for the CO-bound (K(1,2L) = 1 x 10(3) m(-1)) and oxygenated (K(1,2L) = 70 m(-1)) derivatives. For the oxygenated derivative, the destabilization of the subunit interface with respect to native HbI corresponds to about 8 kcal/mol, an unexpectedly high figure. In the K30D mutant, at variance with the native protein, oxygen affinity and cooperativity are strongly dependent on protein concentration. At low protein concentrations (e.g. 1.2 x 10(-5) m heme), at which the monomeric species becomes significant also in the unliganded derivative, oxygen affinity increases and cooperativity decreases. At protein concentrations where both derivatives are dimeric (e.g. 3.3 x 10(-3) m heme), both cooperativity and oxygen affinity decrease. Taken together, the experimental data indicate that in the K30D mutant, the mechanism of cooperativity is drastically altered and is driven by a ligand-linked monomer-dimer equilibrium rather than being based on a direct heme-heme communication as in native HbI.