Abstract
The gut microbiota has diverse microbial components, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The interaction between gut microbiome components and immune responses has been studied extensively over the last decade. Several studies have reported the potential role of the gut microbiome in maintaining gut homeostasis and the development of disease. The commensal microbiome can preserve the integrity of the mucosal barrier by acting on the host immune system. Contrastingly, dysbiosis-induced inflammation can lead to the initiation and progression of several diseases through inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the multifaceted effects of the gut microbiota on several diseases from the perspective of mucosal immunological responses.
Highlights
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors innumerable bacteria, which constitute the gut microbiota [1]
The commensal microbiome resides in a habitable niche in the gut lumen while regulating various host physiological functions, which play a protective role in the mucosal immune system against pathogens
We describe the multifaceted effects of gut microbiota on the intestinal mucosa as well as the accumulating evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the gastrointestinal tract
Summary
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors innumerable bacteria, which constitute the gut microbiota [1]. Research on gut microbiota began with studies conducted by Leeuwenhoek in the 1680s He observed human feces using a microscope and found several small organisms, including bacteria. NGS technology has revealed that most of the intestinal bacteria can be classified as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. The gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in the immune system. The commensal microbiome resides in a habitable niche in the gut lumen while regulating various host physiological functions, which play a protective role in the mucosal immune system against pathogens. We describe the multifaceted effects of gut microbiota on the intestinal mucosa as well as the accumulating evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the gastrointestinal tract
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