Abstract
The modern power generation industry needs materials able to withstand severe conditions, such as high temperatures, steam pressure, and an aggressive environment, to create more electric power out of a decreasing amount of fuel. Therefore, new metallic materials are continuously being developed. In order to gain knowledge about modern materials, the investigation of high Cr and Ni austenitic steel oxidized in 100% steam at 700 °C for 500 h was performed. The morphology, the phase composition, and the chemical composition of the oxidation products were investigated through methods of advanced electron microscopy techniques. Moreover, precipitates present in bulk material were identified. The material developed a continuous and complex oxide scale, consisting of Fe2O3, Cr2O3, and spinel phases. Very fine MX, fine ε-Cu, and M23C6 precipitates were found in the bulk material. The creation of iron oxide is induced due to the coarse grain size of the material. Cr2O3 forms due to the internal oxidation process.
Highlights
Strong economic and population growth is incessantly leading to an increase in energy consumption, which may rise nearly 50% between 2020 and 2050
Increasing the working temperature to 700 ◦C will allow them to gain efficiency to about 44%, which will enable a reduction in a considerable quantity of CO2 emission [6]
ReTshueltms aaninddDififsecruesnscieonbetween the oxidation in pure steam and the oxidation in the air anTdhwe amtearinvadpifoferrmenixcteubreetiws ethene tfhoremoxaitdioantioonf tihnepvuorleatsitleeaCmrOan2d(OtHhe)2oxinidtahteiolantitnerthcaesaei,r wpfowmaahnrrhamidtctiiaicahowhltnicpoachrthnoeeaafsrnonsvfguvgoveraelseoapsltotoatihhlfrteeietlmhecooeocixxxmooiitddmxupaayrpottgeiiuooeouninnnsndmmmtdshiseieegscichshfhntoanaobrnontmeitisfsdafommoterireco[ers[7nse7e]ea]e.eo.snInefn.Id.ntWt,WhhtdeehhhuiecvilealeoecstlaoteathshtoteeiehlfeoeoothfxxfCoeiitddrhrrOmaaeett2paiir(ooOoetinnproHtonieiss)rd2otiienfanidnpHpppaut2uhrpraoreepsearslcasoathettrae,taeceatmshhrmu,e,lc,tttafhhtoosheefere, partial pressure of the oxygen might be decreased, due to the formation of H2 as a result of the metal surface reaction with steam, which might suppress the hematite formation and decrease the growth of the Fe3O4 and spinel crystals [22,23]
Summary
Strong economic and population growth is incessantly leading to an increase in energy consumption, which may rise nearly 50% between 2020 and 2050. Worthy of mention is that the materials developed to work as steam superheaters have to withstand severe conditions of two aggressive environments that cause oxidation. Various steam and air/water vapor oxidation studies have been performed, which allows for further materials development to decrease the oxidation rate of the alloys [7].
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