Abstract
Collagen, an extracellular protein, covers the entire human body and has several important biological functions in normal physiology. Recently, collagen from non-human sources has attracted attention for therapeutic management and biomedical applications. In this regard, both land-based animals such as cow, pig, chicken, camel, and sheep, and marine-based resources such as fish, octopus, starfish, sea-cucumber, and jellyfish are widely used for collagen extraction. The extracted collagen is transformed into collagen peptides, hydrolysates, films, hydrogels, scaffolds, sponges and 3D matrix for food and biomedical applications. In addition, many strategic ideas are continuously emerging to develop innovative advanced collagen biomaterials. For this purpose, it is important to understand the fundamental perception of how collagen communicates with receptors of biological cells to trigger cell signaling pathways. Therefore, this review discloses the molecular interaction of collagen with cell receptor molecules to carry out cellular signaling in biological pathways. By understanding the actual mechanism, this review opens up several new concepts to carry out next level research in collagen biomaterials.
Highlights
Collagen regulates several intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways generally involving regeneration mechanisms
The action of DDR2 upon collagen II interaction indirectly depends on integrin or cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-1, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand) and advanced glycation end products-mediated signaling, resulting in activation of RAS/RAF/MEK/extracellularregulated kinase (ERK), Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), MTK, MKKs, p38-MAPK, activator protein 1 (AP-1), E Twenty Six (ETS) factors, Runx2, HIF2α, C/EBPβ and NFκB translocation to nucleus, HIF2α, Elf3, and MMP13 signaling [132–135]
This review summarizes the possible signaling mechanism of collagen interacting with the cell receptors for biological functions
Summary
Collagen regulates several intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways generally involving regeneration mechanisms. The interaction of collagen with biological cells is mainly facilitated by specific receptors that bi-directionally transmit mechanical signals from inside to outside and vice versa To support this statement, Barczyk et al [13] proved that cell surface receptors are well-known key regulators for the direct binding of extracellular matrix proteins with cells. Extracellular signals of collagen often trigger specific cellular cascades pathways such as MAPK, RUNX2, JNK, ERK, STAT, NF-KB, ITAM, FcRγ, etc., to carry out biological reactions. Based on these facts, this review covers the pathways of the signaling interaction of collagen with biological cells in terms of regeneration and other biological applications. This review helps biomaterial scientists understand the basic fundamental background of collagen in tissue engineering, which will create a new platform for innovative theories in collagen biomaterial research
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