Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the intestinal microbiota as a critical regulator of the development and function of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. Experimental work in animal models has provided the foundation for clinical studies to investigate associations between microbiota composition and function and human disease, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Initial work done using an animal model of brain inflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests the existence of a microbiota–gut–brain axis connection in the context of MS, and microbiome sequence analyses reveal increases and decreases of microbial taxa in MS intestines. In this review, we discuss the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system and the role of the microbiome–gut–brain axis in the neuroinflammatory disease MS. We also discuss experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that modulating the intestinal microbiota through genetically modified probiotics may provide immunomodulatory and protective effects as a novel therapeutic approach to treat this devastating disease.
Highlights
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that constitutes a devastating medical and economic burden for patients
These findings suggest that the interactions of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in the context of CNS are bidirectional and that undetermined factors triggered during disease are sufficient to promote dysbiosis
While mice treated with antibiotics and GF mice are more resistant to developing EAE [119], a healthy microbiome is important in the protection against inflammation
Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that constitutes a devastating medical and economic burden for patients. Environmental factors, including diet, exercise, pathogens, microbiota, vitamin D levels, and stress, are associated with MS [20]. Flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, back pain, abnormal liver tests, sinusitis, abdominal pain, pain in extremities, cough. Fatigue, joint pain, chest discomfort, urinary tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection, gastroenteritis, vaginitis, depression, pain in extremity, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and rash. It increases Risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a deadly opportunistic viral infection of the brain.
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