Abstract
Obesity represents a major health concern, not just in the West but increasingly in low and middle income countries. In order to develop successful strategies for losing weight, it is essential to understand the molecular pathogenesis of weight change. A number of pathways, implicating oxidative stress but also the fundamental regulatory of insulin, have been implicated in weight gain and in the regulation of energy expenditure. In addition, a considerable body of work has highlighted the role of metabolites generated by the gut microbiome, in particular short chain fatty acids, in both processes. The current review provides a brief understanding of the mechanisms underlying the associations of weight change with changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, dietary composition and insulin dynamics, as well as the influence of the gut microbiome. The changes in metabolomic profiles and the models outlined can be used as an accurate predictor for obesity and obesity related disorders.
Highlights
Obesity, which constitutes a considerable public health problem, results from a higher intake of energy than what is expended over a long time period many people in industrialised nations are overweight or obese, a significant proportion of people who are of normal weight never become overweight or obese, partly reflecting the large inter-individual variation in excess caloric intake [1].Weight loss and weight gain are associated with declines and increases in energy expenditure and intake [2,3,4]
The current review provides a brief understanding of the mechanisms underlying the associations
The current review provides a brief understanding of the mechanisms underlying the of weight change with changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, dietary associations of weight change with changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, composition and insulin dynamics, as well as the role of the gut microbiome (Figure 1)
Summary
Obesity, which constitutes a considerable public health problem, results from a higher intake of energy than what is expended over a long time period many people in industrialised nations are overweight or obese, a significant proportion of people who are of normal weight never become overweight or obese, partly reflecting the large inter-individual variation in excess caloric intake [1]. Weight loss and weight gain are associated with declines and increases in energy expenditure and intake [2,3,4]. As obesity develops, a number of metabolic changes occur, which may not completely reverse when weight is lost [6]. Metabolic syndrome accounts for a substantial number of deaths and diseases in Western countries and increasingly, in countries with lower incomes [7]. These countries, such as India, face a dual burden, with large numbers of undernourished individuals in rural areas and an increasing number of individuals affected by obesity and obesity-related diseases.
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