Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of oxidative stress, emphasizing its pivotal role in human health and disease progression. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidative defense, leads to cellular damage and exacerbates chronic diseases. Initially perceived solely as harmful, recent studies reveal ROS's dual role in cellular signaling and metabolic regulation. This shift in perspective underlines the nuanced nature of redox biology, where ROS can be both beneficial and detrimental. The article highlights the importance of antioxidative strategies, including enzymes like SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and small molecular weight antioxidants such as vitamins E and C. Advancements in redox signaling and sensor understanding have redefined oxidative stress, focusing on the need for precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The paper underscores the necessity for ongoing research to characterize redox biomarkers and establish robust clinical and epidemiological reference values.
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