The meaning and use of weapons in an English remand prison

Patient Safety Versus Workplace Safety: Stun Gun Debate Illustrates Dueling Federal Mandates

Extensive efforts have been made in the modern period to suppress the possession and use of both chemical and nuclear weapons. However, progress towards the abolition of these two types of weapons presents a rather sharp contrast, as this case study shows. In this article the conventional prohibitions on the possession and use of these weapons are outlined, including the recent Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons of 2017. This Treaty prohibits the possession and use of nuclear weapons but it has not been (and likely will not be) ratified by any of the States that possess nuclear weapons. There is a further, and consequent, contrast between the two kinds of weapons in terms of whether a customary prohibition on the possession and use of chemical and/or nuclear weapons exists; this is also examined. Ultimately, there are lessons to be learned in terms of whether international law can change unless those most concerned, in this case the States that possess chemical or nuclear weapons, want it to change.

In this study, we examine whether youth who are exposed to more weapons violence are subsequently more likely to behave violently with weapons. We use data collected with a 3-cohort, 4-wave, 10-year longitudinal study of 426 high-risk youth from Flint, Michigan, who were second, fourth, or ninth-graders in 2006-2007. The data were obtained from individual interviews with the youth, their parents, and their teachers, from archival school and criminal justice records, and from geo-coded criminal offense data. These data show that early exposure to weapons violence significantly correlates at modest levels with weapon carrying, weapon use or threats-to-use, arrests for weapons use, and criminally violent acts 10 years later. Multiple regression analyses, controlling for children's initial aggressiveness, intellectual achievement, and parents' income, education, and aggression, reveal statistically significant independent 10-year effects: (1) more early exposure to weapon use within the family predicts more using or threatening to use a gun; (2) more cumulative early violent video game playing predicts more gun using or threatening to use weapons, and normative beliefs that gun use is acceptable; (3) more cumulative early exposure to neighborhood gun violence predicts more arrests for a weapons crime; and (4) more cumulative early exposure to movie violence predicts more weapon carrying. We argue that youth who observe violence with weapons, whether in the family, among peers, or through the media or video games, are likely to be infected from exposure with a social-cognitive-emotional disease that increases their own risk of behaving violently with weapons later in life.

Introduction. Theoretical, legal and accounting problems in the field of weapons circulation in Ukraine reflect the needs of modern society. They require scientific conceptualization and a thorough study of theoretical, organizational and legal foundations. The purpose of the paper is to study the legal regime of ownership of weapons, acquisition, possession, disposal and use of weapons and ammunition by Ukrainian enterprises and to highlight accounting procedures that are directly related thereto. Results. The organizational and legal aspect of weapons accounting at the enterprise consists in properly formulating the rules for the use of weapons by the enterprise within the existing permit system in the domestic legal space. The conducted research of the legislation allows us to state that there are significant inaccuracies and questions related to the types of business entities that have the right to use weapons, as well as to the types of weapons that are allowed to this or that enterprise in view of its main activity, because there are a large number of permits, which regulate and limit the possibility of providing employees of the enterprise with weapons of a specific type. The paper focuses on the need for a thorough study of the legal field of the company’s activities in view of the possibility of using weapons by employees to perform their official duties and comply with licensing requirements and the permit system requirements introduced by the authorities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The paper considers the main aspects of documenting and accounting for the acquisition and use of firearms, pneumatic and melee weapons and ammunition by enterprises that have the right to do so according to the current legislation. Conclusion. Analyzing the Ukrainian legislation that regulates the circulation of weapons in Ukraine, it is possible to identify the main problem, which consists, first of all, in the absence of a single Law of Ukraine "On Weapons". The introduction of a single legislative act on the circulation of weapons in the context of not only the civilian population, but also legal entities of various forms of ownership within the scope of their main activity will overcome difficulties in applying a unified classification of weapons, approaches to their use by different legal entities, their clear documentation and organization of accounting.

Efforts by states to regulate the development of technology become a unique problem when it comes to artificial intelligence (AI). It is impossible to predict all possible consequences of its use in the military sphere, making a choice in favor of its advantages. The world has realized the fact that the use of weapons controlled by AI requires not only legal regulation, but also control of compliance with international legal norms, revision of methods of warfare in accordance with the new reality. The definition of what constitutes an "weapon with artificial intelligence”, "artificial intelligence” itself, and their legal status - remain open to interpretation in technical, military and legal circles. The article analyzes separate issues of regulating the development, distribution and use of weapons with artificial intelligence (hereinafter - AI). It is emphasized that although AI systems are a fundamentally new way of waging war, controlling their use and imposing restrictions does not constitute a completely new task for international humanitarian law (hereinafter - IHL). It is still based on the established principles that were used to regulate existing types of weapons and should be extended to the use of anti-aircraft weapons: the principle of distinguishing targets, the principle of proportionality, the principle of using precautionary measures during an attack. At the same time, AI has a number of characteristics that make it difficult to control. As a general-purpose technology, AI has many non­military and defense applications. Unlike military technology, it is developed primarily in the civilian sector. And although the widespread use of AI calls into question a complete ban on its military use, the international community should work together to regulate or ban certain types of military AI use. The optimal solution to the problem could be the adoption of a corresponding international codified act, which would define the concept, regulate the creation and application of autonomous systems of the ZHI, as well as contain mechanisms of control and responsibility for violations of these norms.

The paper conducted a scientific study of the experience of legal regulation of the right to civilian firearms under the legislation of the Czech Republic. The paper states that for the first time the right to civilian firearms in the Czech Republic was legalized in accordance with the Decree of 1852, which provided for a permit procedure for the possession, use and trade of weapons. The Decree prohibited certain types of weapons for possession, use and trade, and a permit was required for the possession, carrying and transportation of weapons (and the possession permit did not grant the right to carry weapons or transport them, for which a separate permit was required). The Decree did not clearly define the grounds for granting a permit to possess weapons, but it contained an exhaustive list of grounds for granting a permit to carry weapons. The current Law "On Weapons and Ammunition" of 2024 does not contain grounds for possession, carrying and transportation of weapons. To exercise the right to a civilian firearm, a person must obtain a license and meet the following criteria: have a place of residence in the Czech Republic, have reached the age of 15 (in some cases, 21), be fully legally capable, be fit in terms of health, not be held criminally liable for an intentional criminal offense or a criminal offense committed through negligence in connection with the handling of weapons, ammunition, ammunition or explosives, have professional qualifications for the possession and use of weapons, which are verified by professional competence testing or a commission exam. The law grants the right not only to possess weapons, but also to carry them. Weapons must be carried concealed, with certain exceptions (carrying weapons on the premises of the firearms license holder, at a shooting range or in another clearly defined area where the weapon is handled with the consent of its owner, while performing activities in a cinema or theater, reenactments of historical battles or similar events or commemorative events, training or instruction in the use of weapons, sports shooting, hunting). In such a case, the person has the right to transport an unloaded weapon to the location of the relevant event or activity.

The problem of multivariate nature is formed and solved, which is related to the modeling of logistics actions regarding various military equipment and weapons that enter the zone of military conflict. The relevance of the research is related to the comprehensive solution to the problem of the logistical nature of the supply and mastering modern various weapons by the military to create parity of forces in the military conflict zone. The current study creates a complex of logistic methods and models that allow analyzing training of the military, supply of weapons, ammunition and spare parts to the zone of military conflict, for the successful implementation of the goals of the military operation. This article analyzes the problem of using modern and diverse military equipment, which needs to be solved by systematically presenting military training in logistics, supplying various weapons from various manufacturers to the area of combat operations. The optimization model has been created to select and justify the composition of suppliers of weapons, spare parts and ammunition, in the context of risks that arise in the production and transportation of military cargo in a heterogeneous transport network. Optimization is performed in conditions of conflicting criteria: the number of new weapons; time and costs for the production and supply of military equipment; logistical risks. To study dynamic processes in the logistics of supplying weapons, spare parts and ammunition, a model has been created that allows, with the help of simulation agents, the investigation of the paths of movement of military cargo under the conditions of military threats and possible excitation of critical vulnerabilities in the heterogeneous transport supply network. An algorithm for forming the optimal delivery route at the minimum time under risks has been developed. Simulation modeling is used to estimate the movement time of military cargo, delays in supply, accumulation of risks in cargo transportation, consequences of threats and vulnerabilities in supply logistics, etc. This study examines the process of training the military by mastering new competencies for the use of various modern weapons in combat conditions. Simultaneously, the short terms of training of military personnel and the logistics of their transportation to training centers are considered subject to the threats and risks of wartime. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is ensured by a systematic representation of the logistics of supplying various weapons, spare parts and ammunition to the conflict zone, and a comprehensive solution to the research tasks set. The scientific novelty of the conducted research is associated with the development of new methods and models based on system analysis. The following methods were used: simulation modeling, models for optimizing, competence model for acquiring new knowledge by the military personnel. The results of the study should be used to select and justify suppliers of new diverse weapons and military equipment, train the military to use modern kinds and types of weapons, plan routes and schedules for the supply of military cargo to the area of combat operations, in conditions of wartime threats.

The purpose of this study was to describe types of weapons and weapon use patterns among inpatients at a state forensic hospital to assist staff in evaluating the weapon-screening program. Data for a five-year period were drawn from special incident reports, hospital police crime reports, and supervisory logs to document weapon use in a 973-bed, all-male maximum security forensic hospital. Weapons were categorized as weapons of opportunity (objects available at the site of the attack) and manufactured or contraband weapons. Repeat use of weapons by a patient was documented. Weapon use was relatively rare. During the five-year period less than 3 percent of inpatients used weapons, and less than 3 percent of violent incidents involved weapon use. Available objects were used in most attacks. Only 17 patients were responsible for a fourth of all weapons assaults, and these patients repeatedly used the same types of available objects, particularly furniture. Staff and patients were targeted equally in the weapon assaults. Weapon-screening programs may prevent weapon carrying but not weapon use. Detailed histories of weapon use should be part of each patient's assessment and should be made known to staff.

: Terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction threatens Americans and our armed forces every day. To many nations and groups, their only means to counter the United States is with nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons. The terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction is no longer a question of if they will be used, but a question of when they will be used. This paper looks at the US military capability to counter terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction. It describes the terrorist threat to US forces and motives and reasons terrorists would use these types of weapons. Our current national policy, strategy and doctrine highlight the problem, but show a need to improve interagency coordination and cooperation. On the military level, combating the threat is an integral part of our strategy but needs increased emphasis at the planning level. Capabilities exist to deter or counter the threat; protect our forces; and sustain and operate after an NBC attack. But countering a terrorist threat presents unique challenges to future leaders and requires improvements in intelligence, equipment, training and education.

Amidst the full-scale war in Ukraine, an increase in the number of crimes against property involving weapons, characterised by suddenness, brutality, and aggressiveness, has occurred. Such crimes violate not only the inviolability of housing and property rights but also harm the health and lives of victims. In this regard, the study aims to examine the possibilities of using automated information retrieval systems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the National Police of Ukraine in the investigation of robberies involving the use of weapons. The following methods were used in the course of the study: comparative legal, analytical, systemic, and structural, generalisation, induction, deduction, and synthesis. These methods were used to analyse the world experience of databases of automated information retrieval systems to improve the investigation of robberies involving the use of weapons against citizensʼ homes. Based on this, the most progressive and effective methods of investigating this category of criminal offences are identified, proposals for improving national practice are formulated, and an indicative set of parameters for typical actions during such robberies is developed. The author proposes to improve information and analytical systems by filling in new databases of serious crimes committed with the use of weapons, which will facilitate ease of use and efficiency of their investigation. The development of such a database provides for the possibility of updating and collecting information based on specified requests. The content parameters are determined by the ability to collect information on criminals, the forensic traces that identify them, behavioural traces (use of a type or types of weapons, home invasion tools, nature of bodily harm, features of disguise, etc. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of considering theoretical recommendations when creating databases that will ensure the completeness, efficiency and convenience of obtaining the necessary information for the effective investigation of robberies involving the use of weapons

High profile terrorist attacks in major capital cities have seemingly become a regular occurrence and the resultant mass-casualty events continue to challenge health care systems. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) addresses unique terrorism-related issues relating to the mitigation, preparedness, and response measures to asymmetric, multi-modality terrorist attacks. This study is an epidemiological examination of all terrorism-related events sustained from 1970-2019, analyzing historical weapon types used and the resulting fatal injuries (FI) and non-fatal injuries (NFI) sustained. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks from 1970-2019. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria, as set by the GTD codebook. Ambiguous events were excluded. State-sponsored terrorist events do not meet the codebook's definition, and as such, are excluded from the study. Available counts of FI and NFI in each incident were then sorted and aggregated by weapon type to enable mean and standard deviation calculations. In total, 168,003 events were recorded from the years 1970-2019. Explosives, bombs, and/or dynamite (E/B/D) were the most commonly used weapon type and accounted for 48.78% of all terrorism events, followed by the use of firearms in 26.77% of events. A total of 339,435 FI and 496,225 NFI resulted from all terrorism events that occurred during the study period. Combined, E/B/D and firearms accounted for 75.55% of all events, 67.1% of all FI, and 79.3% of all NFI. Each individual terrorism event inflicted a mean FI rate of 2.14 FI per event (SD = 10.2) and a mean NFI rate of 3.22 NFI per event (SD = 45.19). Although terrorism is complex and does not solely rely on death tolls as a measure of success, this analysis shows a historic mean FI rate of 2.14 and NFI rate of 3.22 per event over the past 50 years. Proven weapons such as E/B/D and firearms combine to account for over 75% of weapon types used in all events. Use of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) such as chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons has been rare (0.2%), yet has extreme high potential to inflict mass casualties with mean NFI rates of 49.62 and 28.75 for chemical and biological weapons, respectively.

Although existing cross-cultural studies of adolescence have focused on topics including fighting, bullying, and gangs, little cross-national research has centered on weapon carrying. However, weapon carrying among youth has been identified as a worldwide concern, with significant variation by nation and region. This variation is not well understood. This article investigates the nation-level cultural and contextual determinants of adolescent weapon carrying, specifically focusing on human development, governmental corruption, and a nation’s orientation toward violence. Data are drawn from 27 countries in the International Self-Report Delinquency Study, Wave Two. Analyses use multilevel logistic and ordered logistic regression models to assess associations with weapon carrying frequency, likelihood of carrying a weapon with friends, and age of weapon carrying onset. Results show that residing in a nation with less corruption is associated with a decrease in weapon carrying frequency, a later age of onset, and a lower likelihood of carrying a weapon with friends. Mixed results were found for interactions with a nation’s orientation toward violence. Possible explanations for these results, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

The international legal framework that governs the use of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons i-e Weapons of Mass destruction (WMD) in combat is the subject of this article. The most common types of weapons of mass destruction are biological, chemical, and nuclear ones. International accords aimed at their non-proliferation and disarmament largely regulate the use of these weapons. Important agreements that set up thorough frameworks for regulating these kinds of weapons are the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The research underscores that while there are comprehensive legal frameworks governing WMD, significant challenges remain in ensuring compliance with IHL principles. The necessity for ongoing dialogue and adaptation within international law is critical as new forms of warfare emerge. Overall, the legality of WMD under international humanitarian law is heavily scrutinized through the lenses of unnecessary suffering and distinction, emphasizing a need for stringent adherence to these humanitarian principles in all military operations involving such weapons.

In general, the probability of an undesirable event occurring and its consequence is the gist of the risk characteristics. Thus, risk is part of all the activities that a person performs. The use of weapons and possession of weapons is a great risk. It makes difference who owns them, where they are used and under what circumstances. At present, the great risk is also associated with the possession and use of expansion weapons, also called acoustic weapons. This issue is still very sensitive; the aim of this article is to highlight the risks of reverse modification of such weapons. Publication of this contribution does not support or otherwise supports the use and sale of any type of weapons.

This chapter seeks to frame the question of the legal advisor role in the use of autonomous weapons. It addresses the role of a legal advisor in the use of autonomous weapons. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of the contents of the legal advice, and discusses the framework under which such legal advice might be provided. The use of autonomous weapons describes their actual deployment in combat, after their development has been completed and personnel have been trained for their use. The focus in this chapter is on autonomy as an idea, not the type of weapon. The chapter contributes to thought within the military legal advisor community on adaptation to the continued development of autonomous weapons. Autonomous weapons designers should consider legal advice and legal advice frameworks when creating weapon architecture. Keywords:autonomous weapons; combat; framework; legal advisor; weapon architecture