Abstract
The shorelines of tropical and subtropical creeks and estuaries are forested with unusual trees and shrubs that afford protection for a multitude of land and water creatures. But this mangrove habitat is a difficult place for new plants to pioneer. Their seeds must possess special attributes to enable them to survive water turbulence, diurnal inundation in saline water and anaerobic mud. Emerging seedling roots must elongate fast enough to anchor the new plantlet before it is swept away. Adult trees require particular adaptations to permit their long-term survival. We describe here some special mechanisms of mangroves that have led to their remarkable success in such testing environments.
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