Abstract
Trained immunity describes the ability of innate immune cells to form immunological memories of prior encounters with pathogens. Recollection of these memories during a secondary encounter manifests a broadly enhanced inflammatory response characterized by the increased transcription of innate immune genes. Despite this phenomenon having been described over a decade ago, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotype is still incomplete. Here we present an overview of the molecular events that lead to training. For the first time, we highlight the mechanistic role of a novel class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the establishment and maintenance of discrete, long lasting epigenetic modifications that are causal to the trained immune response. This recent insight fills in significant gaps in our understanding of trained immunity and reveals novel ways to exploit trained immunity for therapeutic purposes.
Highlights
Immune memory is the ability of the immune system to recognize antigens from prior exposure to pathogens in order to elicit a rapid and effective immune response
In this brief review we present a progression of molecular mechanisms that lead to the establishment of trained immunity, from cell metabolism to epigenetics
We highlight the convergence of various signaling pathways and metabolic changes that manifest as discrete epigenetic changes on the promoters of trained immune genes through the function of a novel class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
Summary
Trained immunity describes the ability of innate immune cells to form immunological memories of prior encounters with pathogens Recollection of these memories during a secondary encounter manifests a broadly enhanced inflammatory response characterized by the increased transcription of innate immune genes. We highlight the mechanistic role of a novel class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the establishment and maintenance of discrete, long lasting epigenetic modifications that are causal to the trained immune response. This recent insight fills in significant gaps in our understanding of trained immunity and reveals novel ways to exploit trained immunity for therapeutic purposes
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