Abstract
BackgroundMental disorders, particularly depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, are common long-term psychological outcomes in emergency contexts arising from conflicts, natural disasters, and other challenging environmental conditions. In emergencies, people suffer not only from the lack of external resources such as drinking water and food but also from poor mental health. Mental disorders can substantially impair daily activities in vulnerable individuals. However, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) behaviors are daily activities that require effort, time, and strong internal motivation. Therefore, questions arise: whether there is a relationship between mental health and safe water behaviors, and if so, whether the motivational drivers of these behaviors are affected by mental health.MethodsOur cross-sectional study conducted face-to-face interviews with 638 households in rural Malawi. We used a quantitative questionnaire based on the risks, attitudes, norms, abilities, and self-regulation (RANAS) approach to measure motivational psychosocial factors. Mental health was assessed using the validated Chichewa version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Results. Almost a third of the respondents reported poor mental health. We found significant negative association between mental health and self-reported safe water collection (p = .01, r = −.104) but not between safe water transportation and storage behavior. The moderation analysis revealed significant interaction effects of mental health with some psychosocial factors and therefore on WASH behaviors. Poor mental health changed the influence of three psychosocial factors—perceived others’ behavior, commitment, and remembering—on safe drinking water collection behavior. The influence on water transportation and storage behavior of the perceived severity of contracting a disease, the belief that transporting and storing water requires substantial effort, and others’ approval depended on the mental health condition of the respondent.ConclusionsThese results imply that populations with a significant proportion of individuals with poor mental health will benefit from interventions to mitigate mental health before or parallel to behavioral change interventions for WASH. Specific population-level interventions have been shown to have a positive effect on mental well-being, and they have been successfully applied at scale. This research is especially relevant in emergency contexts, as it indicates that mental health measures before any WASH interventions will make them more effective.
Highlights
Mental disorders, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, are common long-term psychological outcomes in emergency contexts arising from conflicts, natural disasters, and other challenging environmental conditions
If treatment for poor mental health is not possible for any reason, our study results can be used to decide which interventions should be implemented with the whole population and which should be tailored to those with poor mental health
In line with the RANAS catalog of behavior change techniques [24], the first strategy is social influence or persuasion, which focuses on others’ behavior in the household: Inform people about others’ behavior and encourage people to commit to safe water collection and make their commitment public
Summary
Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, are common long-term psychological outcomes in emergency contexts arising from conflicts, natural disasters, and other challenging environmental conditions. Mental disorders can substantially impair daily activities in vulnerable individuals. There is evidence that internal mental conditions such as poor mental health and depression can substantially impair such daily activities in vulnerable individuals [10]. Activities such as safe drinking water collection, transportation, and storage behaviors may be adversely influenced by mental health. More than 300 million people worldwide (3.4% of the global population) are affected by depression and other mental disorders, and their prevalence is especially high among vulnerable populations living in poverty [11] and with insecure access to water distribution systems [12, 13]. Whether there is a direct and/or indirect association or link between mental health and safe water collection, transportation, and storage behaviors is a salient question
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