The Level of Knowledge about Cervical Cancer and Breast Cancer in Women in Bali

The proposed Footprinting framework enables approximation of missing cervical cancer epidemiological data and derivation of context-specific impact projection of cervical cancer prevention measures, assisting public health decisions on cervical cancer prevention in India and other countries.

The proposed Footprinting framework enables approximation of missing cervical cancer epidemiological data and derivation of context-specific impact projection of cervical cancer prevention measures, assisting public health decisions on cervical cancer prevention in India and other countries.

Breast cancer is currently the top cancer in women in the entire world, the most common cancer site in the 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia was breast cancer the leading cancer among women. Cervical cancer ranks as the 2nd most frequent cancer in women between 15-44years of age. Incidence of cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia was 4.6 per 100.000 women. Our aim to evaluate level of knowledge regarding cervical and breast cancer among young females. A cross –sectional study was conducted from young females at science& Art College and health science college. Interviewing structured questionnaire was used to collect data.; the questionnaire divided into three parts covered socio demographic data, breast cancer knowledge and cervical cancer knowledge among 215 students' with different age, parity and marital status were selected randomly. Out of 215 female student mean age was 22.6(9.4), 58% of study sample had unsatisfactory level of knowledge regarding cervical and breast cancer, only 21.9% Know HPV vaccine, Television and radio were the most frequent 74.9%, 59.5% source of knowledge about breast and cervical cancer among study sample. In conclusion more efforts must be focused in provide proper education and reassurance our young females about danger health issues .

The Policy Committee of the International Papillomavirus Society describes how lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic could propel a new approach to the elimination of cervical cancer that is more likely to be successful.

Breast and cervical cancers are the most common causes of cancer mortality among women in India, but actually they are largely preventable diseases. Although early detection is the only way to reduce morbidity and mortality, there are limited data on breast and cervical cancer knowledge, safe practices and attitudes of teachers in India. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of awareness and impact of awareness programs in adoption of safe practices in prevention and early detection. This assessment was part of a pink chain campaign on cancer awareness. During cancer awareness events in 2011 at various women colleges in different parts in India, a pre-test related to cervical cancer and breast cancer was followed by an awareness program. Post-tests using the same questionnaire were conducted at the end of the interactive session, at 6 months and 1 year. A total of 156 out of 182 teachers participated in the study (overall response rate was 85.7 %). Mean age of the study population was 42.4 years (range- 28-59 yrs). There was a significant increase in level of knowledge regarding cervical and breast cancer at 6 months and this was sustained at 1 year. Adoption of breast self examination (BSE) was significantly more frequent in comparison to CBE, mammography and the Pap test. Magazines and newspapers were sources for knowledge regarding screening tests for breast cancer in more than 60% of teachers where as more than 75% were educated by doctors regarding the Pap test. Post awareness at 6 months and 1 year, there was a significant change in alcohol and smoking habits. Major reasons for not doing screening test were found to be ignorance (50%), lethargic attitude (44.8%) and lack of time (34.6%). Level of knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and screening methods was high as compared to cervical cancer. There was a significant increase in level of knowledge regarding cervical and breast cancer at 6 months and this was sustained at 1 year. Adoption of BSE was significantly greater in comparison to CBE, mammography and the Pap test. To inculcate safe practices in lifestyle of people, awareness programmes such as pink chain campaign should be conducted more widely and frequently.

Background: Breast and cervical cancers are two major cancers affecting women's health. Breast cancer is the most invasive cancer, and cervical cancer is the fourth most leading cause of death among women. Analysis of updated incidence data and their trends would help policymakers in planning and organizing programs to reduce the burden. This study aims to present regional variations in recent years and study trends of both the cancers in India. Materials and Methods: For recent incidence rates of cervical and breast cancers, data were obtained from the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) reports (2009–2011) for 25 registries and of 2012–2014 for 27 registries. Trends were studied for data obtained from different NCRP reports for the years 1982–2014 in six major registries. One in number of person who developed cancer and the annual Percentage change in incidence were calculated along with the trend analysis for both the cancers. The Joinpoint Regression Model was used for trend analysis. Results: The age-adjusted rate (AAR) of incidence of breast cancer in the South region was 36.78 in 2009–2011 as against the North region with 41 in 2012–2014. One in number who develop breast cancer remains highest in the North-East region but changed from 167 in 2009 to 200 in 2012. Cervical cancer was also the highest in the North-East region during 2009 and 2012. There is an increase in the overall cervical cancer incidence with 24.3 AAR in 2009 to 28.0 in 2012 and one in 200 who develop cervical cancer in 2009 to 250 in 2012. The trend analysis for six major registries showed an increase in the incidence of breast cancer, with the highest increase in New Delhi (3.22), and decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer, with the highest decrease in Mumbai (−1.21). Conclusion: There has been an exponential increasing trend in breast cancer and a steep declining linear trend in cervical cancer, conferring an inverse relationship between the two cancers. This trend is present in all the major cancer registries.

A vision for improved cancer screening in Nigeria.

Breast cancer and cervical cancer are important causes of cancer-related mortality in women all over the world. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the distribution of cervical and breast cancer risk factors in women and their knowledge and behaviours about cancer screening methods. The study is cross-sectional in nature. It was conducted with the participation of 1,886 women in Turkey. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The knowledge and behaviours of women aged 40 and over about breast cancer or cervical cancer screening methods were investigated according to the education level; results showed that the rates of those who knew and did breast self-examination were significantly lower in illiterate women. Besides, the rates of women who did breast self-examination were significantly lower in those who were aged 40 and over, and the rates of those who had clinical breast examination and Pap smear test were significantly lower in women aged 39 and below (p<0.01). This study identified the most notable breast and cervical cancer risk factors as low education levels, high number of deliveries, short breastfeeding period, obesity and low socio-economic level. For this reason, public health policies should be developed to minimise these risk factors.

Few data exist on attendance for cervical and breast cancer screening, breast self-examination and knowledge about risk factors for cervical cancer among German women. A population-based survey was performed in the city of Bielefeld in Germany. A questionnaire was mailed to 1500 randomly selected women age 25 to 75. Of those, 540 questionnaires were returned and 532 were analysed. Women participating in the survey considered themselves well informed about possibilities for early detection of breast cancer (84.0%). Most information was received from office-based gynaecologists (82.4%). 82.8% had a breast examination by a medical doctor annually and 43.1% practised breast self-examination every month. 55.5% of the women had had a mammography, 72.5% gave screening as a reason for a mammogram. Age at first mammography was associated with social class (p<0.001). Cytological smears for early detection of cervical cancer were common and obtained frequently. Age at first Pap smear was associated with social class (p<0.001). 69.9% of the women considered themselves insufficiently informed on risk factors for cervical cancer. Women were poorly informed about risk factors for cervical cancer. Only 3.2% knew that infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for cervical cancer. Giving a correct answer was associated with social class (p<0.001) but not with age. Rates of opportunistic mammography screening were high in the study population. Information on risk factors for cervical cancer was scarce. Efforts should be made to improve women's knowledge about risk factors for cervical cancer. What do German women know about screening for breast and cervical cancer offered annually by health insurances at no cost? Most women participating in the survey considered themselves well informed about possibilities for early detection of breast cancer. Over two third of the women considered themselves insufficiently informed on risk factors for cervical cancer. Only 3.2% of the women knew that infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for cervical cancer. There is a pressing need in Germany for better education of the general public on risk factors for cervical cancer.

BackgroundBreast cancer and cervical cancer are the two leading cancers among women in Ethiopia. This study investigated knowledge and attitudes related to these two types of cancer among women in 4 zones of Ethiopia. This is the first study employing a validated questionnaire to investigate knowledge and attitudes relating to breast and cervical cancer in Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2015 in the North Shewa zone (Amhara region), Gamo Gofa zone (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ region) and zones 1 and 3 (Afar region) of Ethiopia. A total of 799 women aged 18 years and older participated in the survey. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of possible predictors with breast and cervical cancer knowledge.ResultsA total of 799 women aged 18 years and older participated in the survey. Of the women interviewed, 63.0% had heard of breast cancer and 42.2% had heard of cervical cancer. Among those who had heard of breast cancer, 21.3% (107/503) had heard of breast cancer screening and 1.4% of women aged 40 years and older had undergone at least one breast screening examination. Fewer than half of the participants provided the correct response to questions related to risk factors for breast and cervical cancer. Among those who had heard of cervical cancer, 41.5% (140/337) had heard of cervical cancer screening and 3.3% had undergone at least one cervical cancer screening examination. Women with primary and higher levels of education were more likely to have heard of breast cancers (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.1–4.2; p < 0.001) and cervical cancer (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4–2.6; p < 0.001). From the overall attitude score, the majority of the women were found to have negative attitudes towards breast cancer (67.4%) and cervical cancer (70.6%).ConclusionsThis study found that the overall knowledge of risk factors for breast cancer and cervical cancer among women was low. Lack of cancer awareness, and lack of education in general, are the most potent barriers to access and care, and should be addressed through multi-faceted strategies including peer-education, mass media and other community-based interventions.

Background: Breast and cervical cancer screening play an important role in reducing cancer mortality. Family history and other screening tools are helpful in reducing cancer burden. Present study is focused on the impact of early screening of cervical and breast cancer on incidence of both cancers with focus on menopausal women ageing 30-70. Methods: It is an epidemiological study in Ajmer municipal area with retrospective and prospective recorded data on cervical and breast cancer screening. Factors which are not considered may drive the observed association Participants of current study were registered and diagnosed with cervical and breast cancer in different hospital of Ajmer municipal area between January 2011-March 2015.468 women aged 30-70 with invasive cervical and breast cancer diagnosed in different major hospitals of Ajmer municipal area. Control participants were matched on area of residence and by age-group. Association between cancer and screening at particular ages are co-related to determine odd ratios. Results: There is evidence that screening was associated with a 32% reduction of cervical cancer and 48% reduction of breast cancer in women aged 45.There is 41% reduction of cervical cancer and 52% reduction of breast cancer in women aged 55.There is no evidence of reduction in incidence of cervical and breast cancer at 35 (Odd Ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.52). Screening in later age reduces incidence and mortality from cervical and breast cancer. Conclusions: To significantly reduce the breast and cervical cancer mortality, screening should be sturdily intensified to improve long term effectiveness. Quality assessment of early screening should be done via early indicators. New screening modalities have been introduced and some of them should be gradually incorporated into society practice.

Breast and cervical cancer are leading causes of cancer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We measured breast and cervical cancer symptom and risk factor awareness and lay beliefs in Uganda and South Africa (SA). Between August and December 2018 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of women ≥18 years in one urban and one rural site per country. Households were selected using systematic random sampling, then one woman per household randomly selected to participate. Data were collected by interviewers using electronic tablets customised with the locally validated African Women Awareness of Cancer (AWACAN) tool. This has unprompted questions (testing recall) followed by prompted questions (testing recognition) on risk factor, symptom awareness and lay beliefs for breast and cervical cancer. Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the association between socio-demographic variables and outcomes. Poisson regression with robust variance was conducted to identify independent socio-demographic predictors. Of the 1758 women interviewed, 90.8% had heard of breast and 89.4% of cervical cancer. 8.7% recalled at least one breast risk factor and 38.1% recalled at least one cervical cancer risk factor. 78.0% and 57.7% recalled at least one breast/cervical cancer symptom respectively. Recognition of risk factors and symptoms was higher than recall. Many women were unaware that HPV, HIV, and not being screened were cervical cancer risk factors (23.7%, 46.8%, 26.5% respectively). In SA, urban compared to rural women had significantly higher symptom and risk factor awareness for both cancers. In Uganda married women/living with a partner had higher awareness of breast cancer risk factors and cervical cancer symptoms compared to women not living with a partner. Women mentioned several lay beliefs (e.g. putting money in their bra as a breast cancer risk factor). We identified gaps in breast and cervical cancer symptom and risk factor awareness. Our results provide direction for locally targeted cancer awareness intervention programs and serve as a baseline measure against which to evaluate interventions in SSA.

To investigate the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Malian women, for whom cervical cancer is the most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Pilot study of 202 women aged 15-65 to determine the prevalence rate of high-risk HPV infection among unscreened Malian women. Information on risk factors was collected through a standardized, structured interview and clinical examination. High-risk (HR) HPV DNA was detected using signal amplification methods (hybrid capture II). High-risk HPV DNA was detected in 12% of unscreened women, while visual inspection after application of acetic acid and Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) identified suspicious abnormalities in 2.5% of unscreened women. Histopathological evaluation of VIA/VILI-positive biopsies revealed no evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer. The majority of infections occurred among women in the 15-24 year old range. Compared to women who were married or widowed, single women were 3.5 times more likely to be infected with HR HPV. The prevalence of infection with cancer causing types of HPV in this study was 12%. These prevalence estimates are consistent with what has been reported previously for other West African countries.

BackgroundCervical cancer is a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system in the world, which is a serious threat to women’s life and health. According to the latest report, the incidence of cervical cancer is 11.42 per 100 000, and the mortality rate is 3.77 per 100 000 in Yunnan Province, which is still higher than the national average. Although there have been some relevant studies on the risk factors of cervical cancer in recent years, research on ethnic minorities is lacking in Yunnan Province.ObjectiveTo analyze and explore the related risk factors of cervical cancer in women of ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province, to provide the scientific basis for the development of cervical cancer prevention and control strategies and measures in this region.MethodsIn total 1119 cervical cancer patients diagnosed by histopathology at the Yunnan Cancer Center (Yunnan Cancer Hospital) from January 2010 to December 2019 were selected as the case group. According to the 1:1 matching principle of the case–control study, 1119 patients with nonmalignant tumors of the same nationality, the same hospital, age difference less than 3 years old, were selected as the control group. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsBasic medical insurance for rural residents (OR = 3.659; P = 0.003), human papilloma virus (HPV) infection (OR = 90.030; P < 0.001) and concurrent reproductive tract infections (OR = 1.992; P = 0.047) were risk factors for cervical cancer. Late first marriage(OR = 0.881; P = 0.032), the number of normal childbirths ≤2 (OR = 0.480, P = 0.033) and contraception (OR = 0.291; P = 0.002) were positive factors for cervical cancer.ConclusionThe high incidence of cervical cancer in Yunnan minority women is the result of many factors: HPV infection is the highest risk factor for cervical cancer, women with reproductive tract infections and basic medical insurance for rural residents have a higher risk for cervical cancer; Late first marriage, the number of deliveries ≤2 and contraception are positive factors for cervical cancer.

BackgroundBreast and cervical cancer are leading causes of cancer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We measured breast and cervical cancer symptom and risk factor awareness and lay beliefs in Uganda and South Africa (SA).MethodsBetween August and December 2018 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of women ≥18 years in one urban and one rural site per country. Households were selected using systematic random sampling, then one woman per household randomly selected to participate. Data were collected by interviewers using electronic tablets customised with the locally validated African Women Awareness of Cancer (AWACAN) tool. This has unprompted questions (testing recall) followed by prompted questions (testing recognition) on risk factor, symptom awareness and lay beliefs for breast and cervical cancer. Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the association between socio-demographic variables and outcomes. Poisson regression with robust variance was conducted to identify independent socio-demographic predictors.ResultsOf the 1758 women interviewed, 90.8% had heard of breast and 89.4% of cervical cancer. 8.7% recalled at least one breast risk factor and 38.1% recalled at least one cervical cancer risk factor. 78.0% and 57.7% recalled at least one breast/cervical cancer symptom respectively. Recognition of risk factors and symptoms was higher than recall. Many women were unaware that HPV, HIV, and not being screened were cervical cancer risk factors (23.7%, 46.8%, 26.5% respectively). In SA, urban compared to rural women had significantly higher symptom and risk factor awareness for both cancers. In Uganda married women/living with a partner had higher awareness of breast cancer risk factors and cervical cancer symptoms compared to women not living with a partner. Women mentioned several lay beliefs (e.g. putting money in their bra as a breast cancer risk factor).ConclusionWe identified gaps in breast and cervical cancer symptom and risk factor awareness. Our results provide direction for locally targeted cancer awareness intervention programs and serve as a baseline measure against which to evaluate interventions in SSA.