The Letters of John McGahern ed. by Frank Shovlin

Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender promotes research on two important and related areas within sport studies: women and gender. The concept of gender is included in the series title in order to problematise traditional binary thinking that classifies individuals as male or female, rather than looking at the full gender spectrum. In sport contexts, this is a particularly relevant and controversial issue, for example, in the case of transgendered athletes and female athletes with hyperandrogenism. The concept of sport is interpreted broadly to include activities ranging from physical recreation to high-performance sport. The interdisciplinary nature of the series will encompass social and cultural history and philosophy as well as sociological analyses of contemporary issues. Since any analysis of sport and gender has political implications and advocacy applications, learning from history is essential. Contributors to the series are encouraged to develop an intersectional analysis where appropriate, by examining how multiple identities, including gender, sexuality, ethnicity, social class and ability, intersect to shape the sport experiences of women and men who are Indigenous, racialised, members of ethnic minorities, LGBTQ, working class or disabled. We welcome submissions from both early career and more established researchers.

JCMS: Journal of Common Market StudiesVolume 27, Issue 2 p. 97-112 The Common Agricultural Policy, Customs Unions and the Mediterranean Basin ALAN SWINBANK, ALAN SWINBANKSearch for more papers by this authorCHRISTOPHER RITSON, CHRISTOPHER RITSON *This article is adapted from a paper presented at the Vth European Congress of Agricultural Economists, Balatonszeplak, Hungary, 31 August-4 September 1987. †Alan Swinbank is a Professor of Agricultural Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, a member of the Graduate School of European and International Studies, and EEC Liaison Officer, at the University of Reading. Christopher Ritson is Professor of Agricultural Marketing and Head of the Department of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Jointly, they have acted as consultants to the Government of Cyprus on the agricultural aspects of the Cyprus/EEC Association Agreement. Many of the ideas expressed in this paper have emerged as a result of discussions with officials, and others, in Nicosia, Brussels and London; but the authors are solely responsible for any errors of fact or opinions expressed in this paper.Search for more papers by this author ALAN SWINBANK, ALAN SWINBANKSearch for more papers by this authorCHRISTOPHER RITSON, CHRISTOPHER RITSON *This article is adapted from a paper presented at the Vth European Congress of Agricultural Economists, Balatonszeplak, Hungary, 31 August-4 September 1987. †Alan Swinbank is a Professor of Agricultural Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, a member of the Graduate School of European and International Studies, and EEC Liaison Officer, at the University of Reading. Christopher Ritson is Professor of Agricultural Marketing and Head of the Department of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Jointly, they have acted as consultants to the Government of Cyprus on the agricultural aspects of the Cyprus/EEC Association Agreement. Many of the ideas expressed in this paper have emerged as a result of discussions with officials, and others, in Nicosia, Brussels and London; but the authors are solely responsible for any errors of fact or opinions expressed in this paper.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1988.tb00333.xCitations: 4 *This article is adapted from a paper presented at the Vth European Congress of Agricultural Economists, Balatonszeplak, Hungary, 31 August-4 September 1987. †Alan Swinbank is a Professor of Agricultural Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, a member of the Graduate School of European and International Studies, and EEC Liaison Officer, at the University of Reading. Christopher Ritson is Professor of Agricultural Marketing and Head of the Department of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Jointly, they have acted as consultants to the Government of Cyprus on the agricultural aspects of the Cyprus/EEC Association Agreement. Many of the ideas expressed in this paper have emerged as a result of discussions with officials, and others, in Nicosia, Brussels and London; but the authors are solely responsible for any errors of fact or opinions expressed in this paper. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue2December 1988Pages 97-112 RelatedInformation

The range and amount of writing taking place across all domains of life in the 21st century is expanding rapidly. At home, in school, at work and in the community, children, young people and adults write for numerous purposes and in multiple modes. Professional writers too capitalise on the multimodal diversity available and employ a range of materials and technologies. What it means to be a ‘writer’ in different domains and the myriad of influences upon individual writers’ texts composed in different contexts is part of the focus of this book. Predominantly it explores the identities of teachers, trainee teachers and students as writers, both within and beyond school. However this chapter focuses on the identities of professional writers. It draws upon a cross-university study which investigated the nature of twelve UK-based professional writers’ identities and histories as writers and their composing practices. There is a great deal of literature which retrospectively examines professional writers’ life stories and personalities (e.g. Piirto, 2002; Kaufman, 2002; Goertzel, Goertzel and Goertzel, 1978), and a long tradition of self-reflection on the part of novelists and poets who write for children and young people, mainly considering their childhoods (e.g. Dahl, 1984; Ahlberg, 2006) and/or their compositional practices (e.g. Le Guin, 2004; Morpurgo, 2006). Additionally, there is considerable research examining academic writers’ identities (e.g. Ivanic, 1998; Lea and Steirer, 2011; Lillis, 2001; Lillis and Curry, 2010) and some material produced by writers who have been or still are teachers (and vice versa), reflecting upon the challenges and interplay involved (e.g. Spiro, 2007; Vakil, 2008). Indeed many well-known and respected writers, both novelists (e.g. David Lodge, Michael Morpurgo, Iris Murdoch, Maya Angelou, Philip Pullman), and poets (e.g. W.H. Auden, Tony Mitton, Robert Frost) have been teachers. There is however noticeably less research which explicitly employs an identity lens to consider the identity enactments and practices of professional writers from diverse domains. Within the current study, the perspectives of writers from three professional domains - novelists/poets, journalists/magazine columnists and academic writers were examined. A biographical stance was adopted in the interviews conducted and on this basis the multiplicity and diversity of their voices and identity enactments were examined. The intention of the chapter is to give voice to these professional writers’ perspectives in order to complement those offered elsewhere in the book and to explore possible insights related to the teaching of writing and the development of young writers. In order to do so it focuses upon data related to the writers’ early reading practices and their reported experience of formal schooling. The chapter commences by considering the challenge of developing young people’s identities as writers in education, and then examines research into professional writers’ identities. Then the research study’s design and methodology is presented. Two research questions are explored: 1. What significant/critical ‘formal education’ memories do the professional writers recall/report? 2. What, if any, connections to early reading do the professional writers make? Next the findings related to these questions are presented in turn and discussed. The chapter concludes by considering the ramifications for policy and practice.

Lessons in labour

The conventional view of Brian Friel's career portrays him as a struggling writer whose first stories appeared in the New Yorker in late 1959. After briefly producing a small body of finely crafted, albeit conventional, short stories, he devoted himself to writing plays full-time after the phenomenal success of Philadelphia, Here I Come! (1964). This traditional interpretation of Friel's career also relies upon the assertion that the young writer also turned away from prose because of his inability to break free of the genre's constricting conventions, which were imposed both by foreign editors demanding nostalgic portrayals of rural Ireland and, as first argued by Ulf Dantanus, by Friel's own ‘failure to free himself’ from the influence of Frank O'Connor. This article challenges our view of Friel's early career in several ways. First and foremost, it uncovers a trove of seventy six previously unknown ‘essay/stories’ that he wrote for The Irish Times between September 1957 and May 1962, short experimental pieces that force the reader to question her/his assumptions about the form and content of Friel's early career. Second, when contextualized among his uncollected stories for the New Yorker and the Irish Press, we recognize a radically different story writer than previously described in the criticism.

‘Imitation and Identity’ is the first of three chapters that deal with Shakespeare’s early career, covering the years 1592 to 1594. It looks at the close parallels between Shakespeare’s style in this period and that of his contemporaries. What has sometimes been seen as Shakespeare’s imitation of Marlowe in plays like 3 Henry VI and Titus Andronicus, it is suggested, should instead be understood as his deployment of conventional rhetoric. The writing we have come to call ‘Marlovian’ was in fact widely distributed. Indeed, Marlowe’s distinctive artistic identity is itself in some ways a function of modern editorial practice rather than being an absolute fact. In his early years, Shakespeare worked in a way that related closely to his poet-playwright contemporaries: through literary imitation, through deliberate allusion, and almost certainly also through co-authorship with fellow poets such as George Peele. Throughout these early years as a professional writer, it is argued, Shakespeare’s individual voice tends to blur with that of other literary voices—a tendency that was widespread amongst writers for the theatre at this time.

Though most widely known for the novella Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gained a major source of income as a professional writer from the sale of short stories. Over the course of his career, Fitzgerald published more than 160 stories in the period's most popular magazines. His second short fiction collection, Tales of the Jazz Age (1922), includes two masterpieces as well as several other stories from his earlier career. One, May Day, depicts a party at a popular club in New York that becomes a night of revelry during which former soldiers and an affluent group of young people start an anti-Bolshevik demonstration that results in an attack on a leftist newspaper office. The Diamond as Big as the Ritz is a fantastic satire of the selfishness endemic to the wealthy and their undying pursuit to preserve that way of life. All of these stories, like his best novels, meld Fitzgerald's fascination with wealth with an awareness of a larger world, creating a subtle social critique. With his discerning eye, Fitzgerald elucidates the interactions of the young people of post-World War I America who, cut off from traditions, sought their place in the modern world amid the general hysteria of the period that inaugurated the age of jazz. This new edition reproduces in full the original collection, stories that represent a clear movement in theme and character development toward what would become Great Gatsby. In introducing each story, Fitzgerald offers accounts of its textual history, revealing decisions about which stories to include.

In the field of writing in education two strong, even common-sense, views exist, drawing largely on everyday logic rather than evidenced justification: first, that to teach writing effectively teachers must be writers themselves and second, that professional writers, those who are writers themselves, have a valuable role to play in supporting young writers. But rarely have these views been brought together to explore what teachers can learn about being a writer from those who are writers. Nor are these perspectives unquestioned. The positioning of teachers as writers within and beyond the classroom has been the subject of intense academic and practitioner debate for decades. For years professional writers have visited schools to talk about their work and have run workshops and led residencies. However relatively few peer-reviewed studies exist into the value of their engagement in education, and those that do, in a manner similar to the studies examining teachers as writers, tend to rely upon self-reports without observational evidence to triangulate the perspectives offered. Furthermore, the evidence base with regard to the impact on student outcomes of teachers’ positioning themselves as writers in the classroom is scant. Nor is there a body of evidence documenting the impact of professional writers on student outcomes.Historically, these two foci - teachers as writers and professional writers in education - have been researched separately; in this article we draw them together. Predominantly professional writers in education work directly with students as visiting artists, and have been positioned and positioned themselves as offering enrichment opportunities to students. They have not therefore been able to make a sustained impact on the teaching of writing. Moreover, while writers’ published texts are read, studied, and analyzed in school (as examples for young people to emulate), their compositional processes receive little attention, and the craft knowledge on which writers draw is rarely foregrounded. In addition, writing is often viewed as the most marginalized creative art, in part due to its inclusion within English, which itself has been sidelined in the arts debate. Notwithstanding these challenges, research and development studies have begun to create new opportunities for collaboration, with teachers and professional writers sharing their expertise as pedagogues and as writers in order to support students’ development as creative writers. In such work the challenges, constraints, and consequences of students and teachers identifying themselves as writers in school has been evidenced. In addition, research has sought to document the practices of professional writers, analyzing for example their reading histories, composing practices, and craft knowledge in order to feedforward new insights into classroom practice. It is thus gradually becoming recognized that professional writers’ knowledge and understanding of the art and craft of writing deserves increased practitioner attention for their educative possibilities; they have the potential to support teachers’ understanding of being a writer and of how they teach writing. This in turn may impact upon students’ own identities as writers, their understanding of what it means to be a writer, and their attitudes to and outcomes in writing.

Writing this at the end of October, it seems every meeting or conference I attend ends with a discussion about the implications of Brexit and what exactly will happen after March 2019. At the recent celebration of the first anniversary of the University of Reading's hub of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology Food Initiative, the conversation was around future access to European research funding, the ability to collaborate across frontiers and the attraction and retention of the best researchers. Elsewhere, conversations are around issues like our future relationship with EFSA, which has equally been taking note that 12.5% of its scientific panel members and 25% of some of the more specialised panel members in recent years have been UK nationals. I am sure many readers of this column have been scrutinising the technical notices prepared by the Department for Exiting the European Union on how to prepare if the UK leaves the EU with no deal. The technical notice on ‘Health marks on meat, fish and the dairy products if there is no Brexit deal’ brought a smile to my face when I read it and noted the comment at the end – ‘This notice is meant for guidance only. You should consider whether you need separate professional advice before making specific preparations’. It's very clear a lot of food businesses will turn to their technical teams – many of whom are our members – for this professional advice. In turn, this does raise issues for IFST and the role we should play. Whilst we fully recognise trade associations, other organisations and larger businesses will be playing a leading role in negotiations with the Government, particularly if there is no Brexit deal, it does raise the question what role should IFST play as a professional body at this time? As a Board of Trustees, we have been taking professional guidance on the Institute's roles and responsibilities. It is clear we have a responsibility to provide professional recognition and a duty of care to the public in ensuring we uphold professional standards. Less clear is the exact role we should play in offering advice to governments. We would be interested in hearing your views on the role your professional institute should play at this time and more generally in informing governmental policy. Drop an email to info@ifst.org if you have any thoughts. With a stimulating title Nutritional Science over Gut Feel, our IFST Spring Conference 2019 will take place on 4 April 2019 at the University of Birmingham. More information coming soon at: ifst.org/events We are pleased to announce that our Past President, Professor Margaret Patterson OBE, has been elected as one of the seven Members of the IUFoST Governing Council. IUFoST consists of over 60 adhering bodies, of which IFST is one, and represents more than 150,000 food scientists throughout the world. It is a non-profit, non-governmental, global scientific organisation for food science and technology. Its mission is to promote international cooperation and information exchange, provide education and training to food scientists and technologists around the world and promote professionalism among food scientists and technologists. IUFoST plays a crucial role by supporting programmes and projects that address worldwide needs specifically in food security, food safety and education. Margaret has a BSc in Food Science, a Master's degree in Organisation and Management and a PhD in Food Microbiology. She was a Principal Scientific Officer and Project Leader at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) based in Belfast. She led a research team responsible for microbiological aspects of novel food processing technologies. In particular, she was involved in research on high pressure processing of foods and food irradiation. Margaret has acted as an External Consultant on Food Safety for the International Atomic Energy Agency, the World Health Organisation and the Food and Agricultural Organisation. She was President of the Society for Applied Microbiology in 2005-2008. She served as President of Institute of Food Science & Technology from 2013-2014. In 2014, Margaret was named by the Science Council as one of the UK's 100 leading practising scientists and she was also awarded an OBE for services to the agri-food sector, particularly in food safety and quality. Margaret said: ‘I feel very honoured to have been elected onto the IUFoST Governing Council. Working together to help ensure safe and sufficient food supply is a key goal of IUFoST and the organisation aligns well with IFST's objectives of advancing food science and technology, encouraging professionalism within its members and cooperating with all organisations and groups that share the same objectives.’ Teenager Natasha Ednan-Laperouse died in July 2016 from anaphylaxis caused by sesame. The recently completed inquest heard that an artichoke and olive tapenade baguette, bought at Pret a Manger at Heathrow Airport, which included sesame as part of its recipe, was the cause of death. Pret a Manger relied on UK law that permits no allergen labelling on products that are not prepacked, or which are prepacked on the premises where they are sold. Instead of labelling on the packaging itself, it is permitted to prompt consumers to ask about allergens. This is done by ‘signposting’ with a label attached to the food, or on an easily-seen notice where the intending purchaser chooses their food. The business must indicate that the details can be obtained by asking a member of staff and ensure that allergen information is available and easily accessible to the consumer. A ‘prepacked food’ legally refers to a food item which cannot be altered without opening or changing its packaging, as opposed to foods packed on the sales premises at the customer's request or prepacked for direct sale. We welcome Pret's commitment to meaningful changes in allergen labelling, announced by CEO Clive Schlee, and support Michael Gove's intentions to urgently consider the situation after the coroner called on the Government to examine labelling rules, specifically on whether large businesses should be able to benefit from regulations, allowing reduced food labelling on products made in shops. We are calling for a change of culture in businesses, regulation and enforcement, so that people with allergies can readily find the information they need to keep safe. Sterling Crew, Chair of IFST's Food Safety Group stated: ‘I believe when businesses are fully complying with the regulations, and such tragic cases still occur, the law needs to be reviewed’. As part of our commitment to provide relevant and clear science-based information about food science and technology, we have updated our Information Statements on Mycotoxins and on 3-MCPD, 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters. For more information, please go to: ifst.org/resources/resource-search?f[]=field_resource_categories:385 IFST's Student Group is hosting its first ever University Food Challenge on 27 February 2019. For more information, please visit: ifst.org/career-development-communities-students-competitions-and-awards/ifst-university-food-challenge Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is how professionals maintain, improve and broaden their knowledge and develop the personal qualities and competencies required in their working lives. Structured CPD gives you a clear path to success within your current role and progression to future ones. For more information, please visit: ifst.org/cpd-learning/mycpd As the use of additives in food products continues to raise some concerns among consumers, we have released a new Food Science Fact Sheet to provide clear, concise and scientifically reliable information on this topic. To download this Food Science Fact Sheet, please go to: ifst.org/sites/default/files/Food%20Additives.pdf University of Reading On 17 October 2018, IFST's Food Science and Nutrition Group hosted an interesting debate about the industry challenge of reducing sodium in our diet entitled What is a pinch of salt? Discussion was led by Kate Halliwell, Head of UK Diet and Health Policy at the Food and Drink Federation (FDF) following presentations by four industry professionals, all with experience of sodium reduction. Sarah Coe, British Nutrition Foundation, re-iterated that sodium is an essential nutrient, but intake must be significantly reduced in the interest of consumer health. The achievable population goal is <6g per day, however average intakes in 2014 were still high at 8g/day, despite significant progress in the last ten years. SACN's review of potassium replacers states that the benefits outweigh any risks but that potassium replacers should be clearly labelled due to associated health risks for vulnerable groups, e.g. those with kidney disease. The reduction of sodium within the savoury snack industry was highlighted by Sue Gatenby, PepsiCo. Pressure from media and voluntary and regulatory organisations mean sodium reduction is high on the health agenda for the industry. However more consistency in targets is needed particularly as legislation varies between countries. Great progress has already been made within the product portfolio; Sue stressed the importance of being guided by consumer acceptability of taste and convenience, ensuring food safety has not been breached. Dinnie Jordan from Kudos Blends provided an insight into the technical challenges of sodium reduction in bakery. One third of the sodium in bread comes from salt (sodium chloride), with 2/3 from baking powder. 50% salt reduction within bread has been achieved, but to achieve government targets of <170mg/100g, the sodium content within baking powder (sodium phosphate and sodium carbonate) still needs to be addressed. Replacement of sodium phosphate with potassium phosphate seems to, for the moment, provide good quality products but challenges still remain in certain bakery items, e.g. scones and crumpets, with a high baking powder content. Finally, new technologies in sodium reduction were discussed by Lindsey Bagley, Eureka, confirming the multi functionalities of salt for taste, preservation and processing. Consumers need time to adjust to a new taste profile, with saltiness being enhanced by glutamate, addition of natural sweetness as well as herbs and spices. Reducing salt, and introduction of potassium, can lead to bitterness, which can be masked by use of inorganic salts as well as amino acids and increased acidity. Other techniques for increasing perceived saltiness relate to salt structure: pulsed delivery, increasing surface area of crystals and using hollow spheres as in Soda-Lo. Sodium does not provide a high percentage of total ingredients, so there is sufficient room for industry to embrace a combination of strategies to tackle sodium reduction. Discussion was led by Kate, with very thought-provoking questions posed. It was agreed that potassium replacers have increased opportunity to further reduce sodium, however negative implications on taste will need to be monitored. Great progress in sodium reduction has been seen so far, however further reduction is more challenging as novel methods/ingredients have to be sought. For a broad impact on total population sodium intake a whole industry approach is necessary to achieve the 6g/day ideal. The issue surrounding potassium replacers for vulnerable groups is a concern, and the debate over potassium labelling was raised. No quantitative declaration of potassium is seen on UK products, partly because content varies heavily with season. The example given was potatoes, a huge component of savoury snacks. Potassium analysis of products is not routine within industry; it would be an expensive addition to a label for a minor population set. If potassium is labelled on a food product, it must contribute 15% to the DRV (dietary reference values) according to EU labelling guidelines. When tested by Kudos Blends, potassium bicarbonate within baked goods, including biscuits, cakes and bread, provided a darker colour/crumb compared to sodium bicarbonate due to its higher alkalinity. It is a great addition to biscuits to create a golden-brown colour, however could pose issues with increasing acrylamide formed during the Maillard reaction. UK government sodium reduction targets will be introduced slowly due to potential process challenges, allowing for natural adaptation of the palette to lower salt. Children have grown up with low salt foods, therefore expectations differ. Only a quarter of salt consumed is added to foods; it is not just industry that needs to participate in sodium reduction. The evening was extremely informative, with great discussions on both the success of sodium reduction so far and the challenges still to come. The discussions ended, and networking pursued with an array of salty, savoury snacks – in moderation of course! Jon Poole Chief Executive Jon's prime role is to provide the leadership and direction for the executive team. He works closely with the Board to develop our overall strategic direction, translating this into actual delivery. Andrew Gardner Operations Director Andrew is responsible for helping the business run smoothly, from supporting the Finance Committee to overseeing our finances, premises, office facilities, services and IT. He manages our education and careers and our professional development team members and related activities. John Bassett Scientific Policy Director John is responsible for the development of our scientific policy positions and communication of these to stakeholders, including IFST members and government. Natasha Medhurst Scientific Affairs Manager Natasha's principle focus is on scientific activities and affairs, contributing to the communication of our scientific voice. She is responsible for writing new scientific materials for our members and other interested parties as well as in response to external enquiries. Delia Mertoiu Marketing and Business Development Manager Delia is responsible for the coordination for our marketing activities. She develops promotional support materials and tools to enhance the awareness of our events and activities and works with external promotional support contractors on IFST marketing projects. Izabela Nair Communications Manager Izabela is responsible for the coordination of our overall communication activities including e-comms, website content and social media. She is the first point of contact for media enquiries, promotes IFST's key events and activities as well as records and edits videos. Kelly Ah Chin Kow Membership and Events Coordinator Kelly joined the team at the beginning of August 2018. She is the main point of contact for our Branches, liaising with the regional committees to coordinate and support Branch activities and events as well as our LaunchPads. Kiu Sum Education and Careers Coordinator Kiu joined the IFST team in October 2018 and is responsible for all of the Institute's affairs relating to the teaching of food science and early careers (e.g. school initiatives on Love Food Love Science, university courses, apprenticeships and T-levels). She also supports the Student Group and New Professionals Group and is responsible for liaising with university contacts and representatives as well as student ambassadors. Ruth Ashaye Registration and Assessment Officer A recent addition to the IFST team, Ruth is responsible for coordinating and actively managing the flow of applications for the Institute's wide range of membership and other registration assessment processes via its network of trained assessors. Anjlee Patel Membership and Finance Administrator The team is here to support you. If you have a question about your membership, wish to join one of our professional registers or would like to set up a Group Scheme at your organisation, email us at: info@ifst.org or call 020 7603 6316 ■ Colonisation of lettuce by Listeria monocytogenes Foodborne illnesses involving ready-to-eat vegetables are increasing. Lettuce is the third most consumed fresh vegetable in the US, worth approximately $1.9 billion, making it the most valuable leafy crop. The colonisation of lettuce by Listeria has so far received limited attention in the scientific literature. Listeria monocytogenes has high mortality compared to other foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella. This review summarises recent studies on the mechanisms of attachment and colonisation of Listeria on lettuce leaves. Various factors that affect colonisation of lettuce by Listeria are discussed, including the effects of washing, different radiation treatments and different cultivation systems on the recovery of Listeria. Strategies to minimise the colonisation of lettuce by Listeria to enhance food safety are proposed. Kyere et al., 2018, doi. org/10.1111/ijfs.13905 ■ Chitosan coating inhibits pathogens on catfish Antibacterial activity of high molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (800 kDa) was investigated against four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) bacteria. Catfish fillets were surface-inoculated with these food-borne pathogens and coated with chitosan dissolved in aspartic acid (AS) or acetic acid (AC) solutions at different concentrations (1% or 3%). Samples were stored at 4°C for 8 days, except for those inoculated with Vibrio species (10°C for 6 days). Overall, the most effective coating treatment was the 3% chitosan in AS solution. Compared with the control, this treatment caused significant reductions in all pathogens tested and completely suppressed growth of V. parahaemolyticus. This study demonstrated that chitosan in AS solution could be used as an alternative antimicrobial coating for catfish fillets. Karsli et al., 2018, doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13897 ■ Olaseni Anifowose MIFST, Technical Manager – Bestway Map Trading Ltd ■ Eugenia Choi MIFST, Regulatory Manager – Merck Consumer Health ■ Christopher Brewer MIFST, Senior Consultant ■ Kevin Wood MIFST, NPD Consultant – Flavourama ■ Mark Ewins MIFST, Lecturer: Food Innovation & Development – University of Birmingham ■ Christopher Ellyatt MIFST, Food Scientist – CWA International ■ John Inglis MIFST, Technical Manager – R&K Drysdale Ltd ■ Anny Lau MIFST, Process Development Technologist – Bakkavor Meals London ■ Valerie McFarlane MIFST, Food Advisor – Food Standards Agency (London) ■ Shaun Tilney MIFST, Client Manager – Food ■ Karen King MIFST, Interim Technical Manager ■ Dean Hartley FIFST, Consultant ■ Kevin Porter FIFST, Category Technical Manager – Asda Stores Ltd ■ Catherine Watkinson FIFST, Consultant ■ Dr Wayne Martindale FIFST, Principal Lecturer Enterprise & Food Insights for Sustainability Service – National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln ■ Andrea Cattaruzza FIFST, Science Director – Mars Chocolate ■ Nicholas Holloway FIFST, Food Technical Consultant ■ Julie Ryan FIFST, Food Technical/Quality Consultant ■ Emma Kent FIFST, Head of Technical – Oscar Mayer Ltd ■ Dr Shaobo Zhou FIFST, Senior Lecturer in Nutrition – University of Bedfordshire ■ Anny Lau RSci, Process Development Technologist – Bakkavor Meals London ■ Mui Ting Lim RSci, Research Technician – University of Nottingham ■ Fraser Chadwick RSciTech, Biological and Human Study Research Technician – University of Leeds ■ Adenike Olatunji RFoodSP, Technical Manager – NI Food Technical Support ■ Ashley Stretton RFoodSP, Consultant – Interim Technical Manager – Stretton Business Solutions ■ Jay Tolley RFoodSP, Laboratory Manager – Foodtest Laboratories Ltd ■ Clare Hazel RFoodSP, Group Science Manager – Premier Foods ■ Fiona Childs RFoodSM, Auditor ■ Simon Thirkell RFoodSM, Technical Manager – Chingford Fruit Ltd ■ Stuart Robson RFoodSM, Consultant – Southern Cross Brewing Company ■ Pushpinder Kumar RFoodSM, Technical Manager – Natco Food Ltd ■ Karen King RFoodSM, Interim Technical Manager ■ Eddie Watson RFoodSM, Consultant – Food Technical Management Services Ltd ■ Adenike Olatunji, Technical Manager – NI Food Technical Support ■ Fiona Childs, Auditor ■ Simon Thirkell, Technical Manager – Chingford Fruit Ltd ■ Stuart Robson, Consultant – Southern Cross Brewing Company ■ Pushpinder Kumar, Technical Manager – Natco Food Ltd ■ Karen King, Interim Technical Manager ■ Eddie Watson, Consultant – Food Technical Management Services Ltd ■ Catherine Estiaga RSensSci, R&D Officer – Jollibee Foods Corporation ■ Dr Cecile Morris RSensSci, Senior Lecturer in Food Studies – Sheffield Hallam University

Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History

Abstract: Comparative literature or literary comparative studies is a branch of science based on the comparison of two or more literary phenomena. The future of comparative literature is one of the great directions of science in our time, when international social, cultural and literary relations are developing day by day. Any comparative study identifies common and specific aspects of literary phenomena, which serve as the basis for the emergence of general theoretical laws between literatures. The aim of the research work. The purpose of the science is to provide students, masters and all researchers with theoretical information about the methodology of comparative studies, comparative literature, to explain the methods of comparative research, to improve their knowledge in this area. In addition, the purpose of comparative literature is to determine the typological and genetic nature of literary events (visual aids, works of art (тасвирий санъат ишларими), literary heritage of writers, literary schools, genres, etc.), regardless of whether it is a historical phenomenon or a specific historical fact and to demonstrate the internal laws that apply to a literary event. Results and considerations. The object of science is the comparative historical method and its founders, the basic concepts; macro and micro comparatibility; it aims to provide as much theoretical knowledge as possible about East-West literary relations, translation criticism, criteria for comparative analysis of a literary text, and to develop in researchers the ability to compare and contrast literary events. Conclusion. During the study of this subject, students, masters and researchers: be able to explain the methodology of comparative research and its basic concepts; knowledge of the basic literature on comparative literature and their summary; have a general idea of the translation, types of translation, translation criticism, a certain knowledge of the comparison of the original and the translation; have the skills to identify general and specific aspects of literary events through comparison, to analyze the issues of poetics, literary relations and literary influence.

"Allen, Prof. Joseph Stanley, (15 March 1898–15 March 1997), (first) Professor and Head of Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Newcastle upon Tyne (formerly King’s College, Durham University), 1946–63 (developing first University Degree Course in Town and Country Planning); then Professor Emeritus" published on by Oxford University Press.

Bibliometrics and Nursing

In 1924 Edmund Clifton Stoner (1899–1966), a 24-year-old research student at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, sought a university post in physics. Having previously studied at Cambridge as an undergraduate, Stoner was nearing the end of three years' postgraduate research under Professor Sir Ernest Rutherford's supervision. 1924 was not, however, an auspicious time to seek employment since vacancies in university physics departments were scarce. Rutherford showed a kindly interest in Stoner's career and summoned him to his residence – Newnham Cottage – one Friday afternoon in March. Acknowledging Stoner's diabetes as a major concern, he ‘pointed out that I [Stoner] really wanted a job where I could take things fairly easily… He, of course, is prepared to “back me up” &amp; was really very charming, though not very useful in any definite way.’ Subsequent visits to the Appointments Board proved ‘quite fruitless’. Stoner declined to apply for a post at Armstrong College, Newcastle, and only in mid-July did he hear of two more attractive positions. The first, at Durham University, was advertised in the press. Rutherford, who was ‘Affable – pleased with my work(!)’, advised him to apply. Interviewed together with several other candidates, Stoner was unsuccessful but not greatly disappointed. The other post, at the University of Leeds, was brought to his attention by Rutherford.

Foreword Writers have won The Missouri Review Editors' Prize at different stages in their writing lives, but we have noticed that historically they tend to be in early career. We've always thought of "career" as independent of age, since some of our best first or early-career pieces are written by authors who are not young. One of the things I enjoy about working on the magazine is finding out about the identities of the writers we publish. They often surprise you: a voice that is terribly mature may come from a young writer, or one that is wayward and agile may be from someone middle-aged or older. A white writer can sound black. A woman can sound like a man. The voice in one story we took was so believably boylike that I was sure we were accepting a piece from a brilliant schoolchild, only to discover he was a sophisticated adult who wrote in all kinds of voices. To me, it's a cheery thing, this sharing of voices, this ventriloquism, this ability to imagine oneself in the shoes of another. A voice "in the groove," wholly convincing—this is one of the things I live for as a reader. Something else about the contest I noticed this year was how many submissions we received from people working in the publishing industry , all happily making use of their magazine's or pubUshing house's envelopes. Multinational publishing conglomerates, beware: the extremely well-educated young people whom you are paying $21,000 a year to slave away at your profit centers are stealing envelopes to enter literary contests. (Literary? What's literary? Find out who's stealing those New Yorker 9" X 12" envelopes!) The young and starving on the coasts, the sixty-somethings, the middle -aged and yearning, the writing program kids, a few big names—aU were among the entrants this year, and aU were treated equaUy. Yes, it seUs magazines to have weU-known writers plastered on the cover, but we have also noticed that when literary magazines pubUsh only well-known writers, it is a very good bet that those magazines are being poorly edited. They are publishing advertisable names rather than content and thus have forfeited their principal advantage as noncommercial magazines. I get testy about weU-funded nonprofit organizations that give prizes and awards only to the already severely bemedaled "safe" writers—the second Ueutenants of Uterature—who stagger from one writers' conference to the next. Although this isn't the case with all of the nonprofits, there are some egregious examples—organizations run by time-servers who either have no confidence in their opinions or perhaps don't have any opinions of their own. We relish discovery. We are delighted when agents and publishers call, as they do after every issue, asking how to get in touch with our writers. Yes, we say, love to give you their addresses. That's what we're here for. The content of this issue, though—I just don't know. We have tried to put the best face on things and make it sound highbrow, or at least neutral-brow, by calling it "altered states," but as far as I'm concerned it might as well be called the WEIRD issue or the STRANGE TALES issue. "Altered states" is a little bogus, come to think of it, given the fact that the altering of states is a bit like E=mc2 of literature. You can pretty much count on it: the story doesn't start until a change occurs; the poem is made possible when something is perceived anew. But there is some peculiar stuff in these pages—ghosts, bizarre life changes, shadowy mysteries. Emily Pease's Editors' Prize-winning story, "Tad Lincoln's Ladder of Dreams," is narrated by a ghost, the dead younger son of President and Mrs. Lincoln—a fitting voice for the scary tale ofa family stalked by death. As well as anything I've read about the subject, Pease's story offers insights into the martyrdom of the Lincolns to illness, war, murder, and madness. Stephanie Rosenfeld and Michael Byers are two pokerfaced comic writers. In Rosenfeld's...